Child Safety in Vehicles: Validation of a Mathematical Model and Development of Restraint System Design Guidelines for 3-Year-Olds through Mathematical Simulations

Abstract

In order to decrease the Q3 ATD head, chest, and pelvis accelerations and to limit the Q3 ATD head displacement, the following practices are recommended: first, position the D-ring rearward of the ATD so that the belt encloses the ATD's shoulder; second, position the lap belt anchors to make the lap belt angle 24 degrees to the horizontal, but make sure submarining is not induced; and finally, use a safety belt with pretensioner and load limiter functions. However, these recommendations need to be balanced with the recommendations for other occupant sizes, and any specific settings have to be evaluated further before introduction into vehicles.

Evaluation of 6 and 10 Year-Old Child Human Body Models in Emergency Events

“…Nevertheless, using rigid planes to model a car seat has been previously done [41,42]. Moreover, Johansson et al [43] found marginal effects of the seat stiffness on the global head kinematics of a three-year old child model compared with the effect of the seat inclination, which in this study was the actual geometry of the test vehicle’s rear seat. Indentation test of front row seats by Östh et al [8] give that a force of 355 N (Child10YO) produced less than 2 cm deformation of the softest part of the cushion.…”

Development of a Canine Rigid Body Musculoskeletal Computer Model to Evaluate Gait

“…n is the number of data points (100). Validity range was established at r ≥ 0.80 and σ e ≤ 20% of the peak experimental value (Johansson et al, 2009).…”