Child safety: a validated GC-MS method to determine formamide in EVA foam mats

Wollinger, Wagner; Monteiro, Tânia; Campos, Eduardo Geraldo de; Rego, Eliane Cristina Pires do; Cunha, Valnei Smarçaro da

doi:10.1039/c6ay00967k

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…have been widely investigated, ,− and the chemical processes in which ammonia was involved in indoor environments have also been extensively studied. , To our best knowledge, previous studies on formamide focused on the development of new detection methods, but few further in-depth studies were conducted. Wollinger et al determined the content of formamide in EVA foam mats, formamide was extracted with methanol and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Five commercial EVA foam mats were analyzed and the formamide contents were 32–1364 mg/kg.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of Formamide and Ammonia from Foam Mats: Online Measurement Based on Dopant-Assisted Photoionization TOFMS and Assessment of Their Exposure for Children

Dang

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Formamide has been classified as a Class 1B reproductive toxicant to children by the European Union (EU) Chemicals Agency. Foam mats are a potential source of formamide and ammonia. Online dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DA-APPI-TOFMS) coupled with a Teflon environmental chamber was developed to assess the exposure risk of formamide and ammonia from foam mats to children. High levels of formamide (average 3363.72 mg/m 3 ) and ammonia (average 1586.78 mg/m 3 ) emissions were measured from 21 foam mats with three different raw material types: ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA: n = 7), polyethylene (PE: n = 7), and cross-linked polyethylene (XPE: n = 7). The 28 day emission testing for the selected PE mat showed that the emissions of formamide were 2 orders of magnitude higher than the EU emission limit of 20 μg/m 3 , and formamide may be a permanent indoor contaminant for foam mat products during their life cycle. The exposure assessment of children aged 0.5−6 years showed that the exposure dose was approximately hundreds of mg/kg-day, and the age group of 0.5−2 years was subject to much higher dermal exposures than others. Thus, this study provided key relevant information for further studies on assessing children's exposure to indoor air pollution from foam mats.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of Formamide and Ammonia from Foam Mats: Online Measurement Based on Dopant-Assisted Photoionization TOFMS and Assessment of Their Exposure for Children

Dang

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The main raw materials of indoor splicing mats are EVA copolymers. Previous quantitative approaches of formamide quantification included solid-liquid extraction combined with gas chromatography [8] and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses [9,10]. However, nearly all of them touch upon pricey and large instruments, making these skills undesirable for functional microanalysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical determination of formamide for EVA splicing mats using activated CPE

Zhong

Liu²,

Yin³

et al. 2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Electrochemical properties of formamide were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) on an activated carbon paste electrode (CPE). A distinct oxidation peak was at 0.51 V in light of the electrochemical behaviour of formamide-KCl. This indicates an improved current response towards the electrooxidation of formamide due to the high charge-transfer ability of carbon paste. The LSV presented a linear dependence on the concentration of formamide-KCl in the range of 5–110 μM whose limit of detection was 0.16 μM. In addition, this dependable method can be explicitly designed to fit with formamide detection in EVA splicing mats.

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Child safety: a validated GC-MS method to determine formamide in EVA foam mats

Abstract: A GC-MS method was developed to analyze residual formamide in EVA foam puzzle mats and products commercialized in Brazil were evaluated.

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

Emissions of Formamide and Ammonia from Foam Mats: Online Measurement Based on Dopant-Assisted Photoionization TOFMS and Assessment of Their Exposure for Children

Emissions of Formamide and Ammonia from Foam Mats: Online Measurement Based on Dopant-Assisted Photoionization TOFMS and Assessment of Their Exposure for Children

Electrochemical determination of formamide for EVA splicing mats using activated CPE

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