Child's Symbolic Conceptualization of Parents

Kagan, Jerome; Hosken, Barbara; Watson, Sara Ruth

doi:10.2307/1126551

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Given fathers' more directive and somewhat more limited child-rearing repertoire, the greater compliance to fathers at 4 and 6 years may reflect children's growing awareness of the definiteness of fathers' commands (although the mother-father difference in compliance was not significant at 6 years, it was in the same direction as at age 4). In contrast to descriptions of their mothers, preschool children often describe their fathers as more punitive and restrictive (e.g., Emmerich, 1959;Kagan, Hosken, & Watson, 1961;Kagan & Lemkin, 1960). This interpretation, although requiring empirical verification, suggests that both child and parent factors must be considered in future research on child compliance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compliance and self-assertion: Young children's responses to mothers versus fathers.

Power¹,

McGrath²,

Hughes³

et al. 1994

Developmental Psychology

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To provide data on the development of compliance and self-assertion toward mothers and fathers, 2-, 4-, and 6-year-old children were observed in their homes. Compared with younger children, older children were more compliant, more likely to use logical argument, and less likely to ignore or to show defiance. Two-year-olds showed more ignoring of their fathers, whereas 4-year-olds were more ignoring of their mothers and showed greater compliance to their fathers. Regardless of age, boys showed higher levels of compliance to their fathers, whereas girls did not respond differentially to mothers or fathers. Girls were, however, more likely to state their desires and preferences and to use logical argument. Further analyses suggested that none of the gender differences in child response were apparent artifacts of differences in parental treatment.Researchers from a variety of theoretical perspectives have argued that the development of self-regulation and control is central to the task of early socialization (e.g., Freud, 1908;Kopp, 1982;Luria, 1961;Mischel, 1974). As children learn to regulate their behavior and emotions in response to caregiver directions and commands, the foundations for social learning and internalization are established. Research has demonstrated that compliance and self-regulation begin in infancy and develop throughout the preschool years (e.g., Mischel, 1974;

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compliance and self-assertion: Young children's responses to mothers versus fathers.

Power¹,

McGrath²,

Hughes³

et al. 1994

Developmental Psychology

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show abstract

“…Further, we do not yet have an adequate picture of the expectations children have of their fathers (cf. Emmerich, 1959Emmerich, a, b, 1960Kagan, 1956;Kagan and Lemkin, 1960;Kagan et al, 1971;Mott, 1937;Schaefer, 1965;Stagner and Drought, 1935).…”

Section: The Role O F the Fathermentioning

confidence: 99%

Fathers: Forgotten Contributors to Child Development

Lamb¹

1975

Human Development

274

115

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Theoretical and research literature on the role of fathers in child development is reviewed. The first section points out that there is little known about father-infant interaction, and the impact of the father on infant social development, though diverse theoretical perspectives all assume that the father’s role is minimal, and, at best, indirect. It is suggested that this assumption is unsubstantiated. Fathers are believed to play an influential role in later child development, though the theoretical assumptions, again, are inadequately validated by research. A new hypothesis is proposed whereby fathers are seen as playing a vitally important role in socialization, yet one which is qualitatively different from that played by mothers. Various research designs are suggested whereby this hypothesis can be subject to empirical validation.

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“…Much of the research in this area has focused on children's impressions and concepts of the parental role. Studies by several investigators (Bossard and Boll, 1960; Kagan, Hosken, and Watson, 1961;Maxwell, Connor, and Walters, 1961; Schvaneveldt, Freyer, and Ostler, 1970) have reported children's ability to differentiate between various trait characteristics, the relative &dquo;goodness&dquo; and &dquo;badness,&dquo; and preferential role qualities of mothers and fathers. Other studies have focused on the process and nature of children's discriminations of age (parent-child) and sex (male-female) roles within the family based on the perception of power and functioning (Emmerich, 1959(Emmerich, , 1961.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Children's Perceptions of “Goodness” and “Badness” in Sibling Roles

Bigner

Jacobsen

1980

Home Economics Research Journal

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Perceptions of “goodness” and “badness” in sibling roles were investigated in a cross‐ sectional study of second‐born children aged 5–13 years. The study focused on changes in descriptions of these sibling role concepts as a function of age of child, sex of child, sibling status of child, and age‐spacing between siblings. Results indicated that a “good” sibling was perceived in different terms than a “bad” sibling, and these descriptions varied with increasing age. Sex of sibling and degree of age‐spacing between siblings produced markedly different perceptions of the role concepts. Results are discussed in relation to the degree of a child's ex perience with an older sibling.

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Child's Symbolic Conceptualization of Parents

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Compliance and self-assertion: Young children's responses to mothers versus fathers.

Compliance and self-assertion: Young children's responses to mothers versus fathers.

Fathers: Forgotten Contributors to Child Development

Children's Perceptions of “Goodness” and “Badness” in Sibling Roles

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