Child Mortality in Developing Countries: Challenges and Policy Options

Oloo, James Alan

doi:10.1353/eas.2005.0009

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…To summarize, the result of a similar study conducted in Ethiopia indicated that sex of the child, family size, educational level of the mother, age at first birth of the mother, breastfeeding and the use of contraceptive method, and regions of children were found to be determinant of underfive child mortality [39]. Reducing child mortality rates requires multiple intervention strategies, such as access to safe drinking water, improvement in education opportunities, family planning, and tackling HIV/AIDS [40]. It is also expected that if the quality of life of the parents is improved in all aspects such as education, health service facility, and sources of income, the survival of children would be improved; it is taken into consideration that rural settings are very challenging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2018, 5.3 (5.1-5.7) million under-five children died, shows reduction from 12.5 (12.4-12.7) million in 1990. e estimated rate of 93 (92-95) deaths per 1000 live births in 1990 reduced to 39 (37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42) deaths per 1000 live births in 2018, implies 1 in 11 children dying before reaching age 5 in 1990, while it is reduced to 1 in 26 in 2018, a 59 (55-60) percent decline [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Under-Five Mortality and Associated Risk Factors in Rural Settings of Ethiopia: Evidences from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

Gebremichael

Fenta

2020

Advances in Public Health

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Background. Evidence shows that in Ethiopia, a gradual decrease of under-five mortality is observed, but it is still high in the rural settings of the country. We are motivated to investigate the socioeconomic, demographic, maternal and paternal, and child-related associated risk factors of under-five mortality given birth from rural resident mothers. Methods. Demographic and Health Survey data from Ethiopia (2016) were used for analysis. The chi-square test of association and logistic regression were used to determine the associated risk factors of under-five children mortality. Study Settings. Rural Ethiopia. Results. Secondary school and above completed fathers (AOR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.63–0.94) and primary school completed mothers (AOR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72–0.93); multiple twin child (AOR = 4.50; 95% CI: 3.38–5.98); public sector delivery (AOR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.55–0.76); had working of mother (AOR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.16–1.42) and of father (AOR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.25–1.69); mothers aged above 16 at first birth (AOR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.37–0.45); breastfeeding (AOR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.55–0.66); birth order of 2-3 (AOR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.02–1.37); religious belief of Muslim (AOR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.02–1.41); users of contraceptive method (AOR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71–0.90); vaccinated child (AOR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.46–0.60); family size of 4–6 (AOR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.63–0.86) and of seven and above (AOR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.36–0.52); mother’s age group: aged 20–29 (AOR = 3.88; 95% CI: 3.08–4.90), aged 30–39 (AOR = 16.29; 95% CI: 12.66–20.96), and aged 40 and above (AOR = 55.97; 95% CI: 42.27–74.13); number of antenatal visits: 1–3 visits (AOR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.43–0.58), and four and above visits (AOR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.39–0.54); and preceding birth interval of 25–36 months (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.48–0.62) and above 36 months (AOR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.26–0.34) are significant determinant factors of under-five mortality in rural settings. Conclusions. Differences in regions, educated parents, born in singleton, public sector delivery, nonavailability of occupation of parents, mothers older than 16 at first birth, breastfeeding, use of a contraceptive method, child vaccination, higher number of family size, repeated antenatal visits, and preceding birth interval play a significant role regarding the survival of under-five children. These, among other differences, should be addressed decisively as part of any upcoming strategic interventions to improve the survival of children in line with the target of 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Under-Five Mortality and Associated Risk Factors in Rural Settings of Ethiopia: Evidences from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

Gebremichael

Fenta

2020

Advances in Public Health

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“…Women with low education levels (see: Bhatia, et.al, 2018;Dallolio et al, 2012;Klugman, et al, 2019;Ullah, et al, 2011) tend to marry early, have no knowledge of pregnancy and its care, low economic welfare, and have a higher risk of mortality during childbirth. GDP per capita also plays an important role because the better the standard of living, the better the healthcare (Oloo, 2005). With increase in economic growth, the portion of health expenditure is increased, health programs are expanded, and access to healthcare is becomes easier.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The infant mortality rate is one of the main health indicators (see: Arik and Arik, 2009;Dallolio, et al, 2012;Naveed, et al, 2011;Rosicova, et al, 2011). The issue of infant mortality rate has long been a special topic of study by researchers, especially in developing countries (Gomez, Hanna, and Oliva, 2012;Hanmer, Lensink, and White, 2003;Oloo, 2005), because the infant mortality rate is related to other socioeconomic factors, as well as being an indicator of human welfare. Bhatia, et al, (2018) also stated that efforts to reduce infant mortality rates are a top priority in developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Determinants of Infant Mortality Rate in Asean: A Panel Data Analysis

Sari

Prasetyani

2021

J. ASEAN Studies

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The infant mortality rate indicates the health status of a country. Previous studies have proven that socioeconomic factors have a significant influence on infant mortality rates in both developed and developing countries. Further studies on infant mortality rates are useful for public service strategic policy in the health sector. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the socioeconomic factors influencing infant mortality rates in ASEAN based on panel data estimates for 2000-2017. The dependent variable for this study was infant mortality rate, while the independent variables were health expenditure, female labor force, maternal fertility rate, and GDP per capita. The authors concluded that the main cause of infant mortality in ASEAN is care during delivery. Other influencing factors include family health status, maternal education level, and socio-economic inequality. This study found that the size of the female workforce has a strong influence on increasing the infant mortality rate in ASEAN. The fertility rate also had a strong influence on increasing infant mortality rate in ASEAN, while GDP per capita had a negative influence on infant mortality rate. Health expenditure is proven to have no effect on the increase of infant mortality rates in ASEAN.

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“…Child mortality started to increase between 2000 and 2010 to an annual rate of 3.5 per 1,000 (Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2010). One reason for the child mortality rate being high is that diseases have become a major cause of death for children (Kandeh, 1986;Oloo, 2005;Uddin et al, 2009). In order to alleviate this problem in recent years, the UN has entered Sierra Leone and has been assisting with healthcare in areas that do not have adequate healthcare, as well as informing the people of diseases and what these diseases could do to them and their children if not treated correctly (International Centre for Transitional Justice, 2010).…”

Section: Rationale and Study Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulnerable Diseases Affecting Child Mortality in Sierra Leone: Emerging Health Issue

Davids

Susuman

Latief

2012

Journal of Asian and African Studies

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Child mortality in Sierra Leone is the highest ranked in the world. The main causes for child mortality are maternal factors, environmental factors and health factors. Minimal research has been carried out on health factors in Sierra Leone. The objective of this study is to see how maternal and environmental factors have an effect on health factors, which in turn cause child mortality. The data used were from the 2008 Sierra Leone Demographic and Household Survey (SLDHS). The study showed that child mortality had statistically significant factors associated with it: place of residence, birth number, religion and type of toilet facility. Furthermore, the SLDHS had not given much information regarding the cause of diseases affecting children, so we looked only at the effects they had on children. Acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea and measles each had one variable that was statistically significant. As for pneumonia, there were no variables associated with children contracting the disease. Background Child mortality is a subject that has been looked at, but not really invested in by a number of governments worldwide. In 1970 it was estimated that the amount of children who had died under the age of five throughout the world was 17 million children a year (Gordon et al., 2004). This number had been reduced to about nine million children a year in 2009 worldwide (Morley, 2010). The reduction was good overall. However, the decline only affected certain countries, while others had done little or nothing to reduce their child mortality rates (Gordon et al., 2004). In 2010, the United Nations (UN) estimated that 16 third-world countries had managed to reduce their child mortality rate by 40% in the last two decades (United Nations [UN], 2010). This reduction, according to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), is short of the target which the UN was aiming for (Steadland and Skoglund, 2008). Furthermore, it has been estimated that one in five of the world's children reside in the sub-Saharan region (United Nations, 2010). Therefore researchers have made it a priority to tackle the child mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa due to its increase between 1990 and 2008 of approximately 4 million to 4.4 million child deaths (United Nations, 2010). In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) global indicators show that the nations with the lowest child mortality rates in 2000 were all

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Child Mortality in Developing Countries: Challenges and Policy Options

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Under-Five Mortality and Associated Risk Factors in Rural Settings of Ethiopia: Evidences from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

Under-Five Mortality and Associated Risk Factors in Rural Settings of Ethiopia: Evidences from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

Socioeconomic Determinants of Infant Mortality Rate in Asean: A Panel Data Analysis

Vulnerable Diseases Affecting Child Mortality in Sierra Leone: Emerging Health Issue

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