Child Labour and the role of the school

Abstract

Covid-19 will aggravate the problem of child labor. The traditional policy to fight this problem has relied heavily on the role of the school. Empirical evidence shows that the benefits of basic education for poor families are very high. Yet, these high returns may be a statistical illusion when social and economic inequality prevail. In this case, while fighting inequality and enhancing social mobility, the emphasis should be put on the role of the school as provider of goods and services: on maintaining Conditional Cash Transfer programs. This is the more urgent when episodes like the Covid-19 pandemic force temporary school closures.

Child labor and associated risk factors in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review

“…At the government level, recommendations pertain to providing social protection measures as well as improving access to healthcare, education, living wages, and food security. Several studies recommend implementing cash transfer programs to help families experiencing, or susceptible to, living in poverty ( 22 , 27 , 35 , 49 , 56 , 59 ) ( Table 2 ). One study examined the impacts of an unconditional cash transfer program on hazardous child labor in cocoa-growing households in Ghana ( 56 ).…”

“…However, the program had no effect on the severity of child labor measured by the number of hazardous tasks undertaken by the children ( 56 ). Two studies recommended the implementation of an in-kind or conditional cash transfer, which would require families to send their children to school where they receive food to take home to their families ( 49 , 59 ) ( Table 2 ). In addition, families of children at risk of child labor should be provided with food assistance and emergency livelihoods programs ( 20 ) ( Table 2 ).…”

“…Ahad et al ( 22 ), Becker ( 27 ), ILO ( 35 ), Schmidt and Uyeda ( 49 ), International Cocoa Initiative ( 56 ), and Azqueta et al, ( 59 )…”

Una revisión del agua como un bien económico, social y ecológico

“…Para la revisión, las unidades de estudio fueron libros y artículos científicos que se relacionan de manera directa con las diferentes concepciones del agua. En este sentido, los libros base fueron: el de Introducción a la Economía Ambiental y Valoración Económica de la Calidad Ambiental de Azqueta Oyarzun (2007;1994), respecto al agua como un bien común, se revisó el libro de El Gobierno de los Comunes de Ostrom (2000). Finalmente, para la revisión de alternativas de gestión ante el modelo dominante se auxilió de artículos científicos localizados en los siguientes buscadores académicos: Sciencedirect, Google Académico y ResearchGate debido a su acceso libre.…”