Child Labor

Landrigan, Philip J.; Pollack, Susan H.; Belville, R; Godbold, James

doi:10.3928/0090-4481-19951201-10

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…These high numbers represent a valid policy concern, given the many documented deleterious effects that working excessive hours or in unsafe conditions can have on children (Landrigan et al 1995;NIOSH 1997). In addition, both legal and illegal work can detract from formal education, as past studies have found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…that children may work and the occupations and industries in which they may be employed. There is, however, substantial concern about violations of these laws and the effects of those violations on children's health and development (for example, U.S. GAO 1990GAO , 1991Lantos 1992;National Child Labor Committee 1994;Children's Safety Network 1995;Pollack et al 1990;Landrigan et al 1995;NIOSH 1995NIOSH ,1997. Despite this concern and the long-time regulation of child labor, no systematic information is available on how many children in the United States work in violation of child labor laws, or on the causes and consequences of illegal child labor.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Illegal Child Labor in the United States: Prevalence and Characteristics

Kruse

Mahony

2000

ILR Review

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Using the Current Population Survey, the National Longitudinal Survey, and other sources, the authors provide the first comprehensive estimates of the number of minors working in violation of federal and state child labor laws (working excessive hours or in hazardous occupations), their characteristics, their wages, and trends in illegal child labor. Although illegal employment of 15-17-year-olds has declined since the 1970s, some 154,000 minors are employed illegally in an average week, and 301,000 in a year. Illegal work hours total about 110 million per year. Whites, males, and 15-year-olds are the most likely to be working in violation of child labor laws. Youths working illegally in hazardous jobs earn, on average, $1.38 per hour less than legal young adults in the same occupations, which, combined with savings from employing youths for excessive hours, adds up to employer cost savings of roughly $136 million per year.W hether and how children should be it T employed have long been subject to competing views. Some have argued that child labor can enhance skill development and socialization into the world of work, and steer children away from delinquency. On the other side are those who fear that it may limit the time and energy spent on more valuable formal education, expose

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Illegal Child Labor in the United States: Prevalence and Characteristics

Kruse

Mahony

2000

ILR Review

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“…Agriculture is the most common child occupation worldwide, and employs more working children than any other sector. This activity is consistently ranked among the most hazardous industry for mortality and morbidity (Cooper and Rothstein 1995;Landrigan et al 1995;Wilk 1993). But, despite its hazards, agriculture is one of the less-regulated sectors and it is among the sectors where the existent laws are very difficult to enforce (Wilk 1993; Committee on the Health and Safety Implications of Child Labor 1998).…”

Section: Environmental and Occupational Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Occupational Health Problems of Child Labour: Some Issues and Challenges for Future

Yadav

Sengupta

2009

Journal of Human Ecology

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The relationships between child labour and health are complex. They can be direct and indirect, static and dynamic, positive and negative, causal and spurious. There is epidemiological evidence of greater impact of some occupational exposures on child health as compared to adults. Adverse environmental health conditions affect children more as these have negative effects not only on health but also on the development. Children are more prone to and more at risk than adults because of rapid skeletal growth, organ and tissues development, greater risk of hearing loss, greater need for food and rest, higher chemical absorption rates, smaller size and lower heat tolerance due to their physiological and immunological countenance; some additional factors also contribute to this. Documented reports show the impact on health viz. poverty related (e.g. Malnutrition, fatigue, anemia etc), psychological effects and distress of child labour, occupational cancers, neurotoxicity, injuries, exposures to adverse physical factors, skin ailments etc. A multi-disciplinary approach involving specialists from medical, toxicological, environmental, psychological and socio-anthropological fields shall produce integral information and, approach on various aspects of child development to prepare a better policy for child labour. India has the highest number of child workers, but unfortunately, there is hardly any research done or policies framed for their occupational safety and health. Hence there is an urgent need for intensive focus and research along with political and practical decisions to improve the conditions of working children for the betterment of their health and development.

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“…Child labor is regarded as the employment of children less than 18 years of age [1]. It is associated with poverty, inadequate educational opportunities, gender inequality, and a variety of health risks as many are involved in hazardous occupations [2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Youth working in tobacco farming: effects on smoking behavior and association with health status

et al. 2020

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Background Cultivation of tobacco raises concerns about detrimental health and social consequences for youth, but tobacco producing countries only highlight economic benefits. We compared sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of school-age youth who worked and did not work in tobacco farming and assessed the effects on smoking behavior and health at 1 year. Methods We used existing data collected in the province of Jujuy, Argentina where 3188 youth 13 to 17 years of age from a random middle school sample responded to longitudinal questionnaires in 2005 and 2006. Multivariate logistic regression models predicted association of tobacco farming work with health status and smoking behavior at 1 year. Results 22.8% of youth in the tobacco growing areas of the province were involved in tobacco farming. The mean age of initiation to tobacco farming was 12.6 years. Youth working in farming had higher rates of fair or poor versus good or excellent self-perceived health (30.3% vs. 19.0%), having a serious injury (48.5% vs. 38.5%), being injured accidentally by someone else (7.5% vs. 4.6%), being assaulted (5.5% vs. 2.6%), and being poisoned by exposure to chemicals (2.5% vs. 0.7%). Youth working in tobacco farming also had higher prevalence of ever (67.9% vs. 55.2%), current (48.0% vs. 32.6%) and established smoking (17.8% vs. 9.9%). In multivariate logistic regression models tobacco farming in 2005 was associated with significant increased reporting of serious injury (OR = 1.4; 95%CI 1.1–2.0), accidental injury by someone else (OR = 1.5; 95% 1.0–2.1), assault (OR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.3–3.8), and poisoning by exposure to chemicals (OR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.2–5.4). Tobacco farming in 2005 predicted established smoking 1 year later (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.1–2.0). Conclusion Youth who work in tobacco faming face a challenging burden of adversities that increase their vulnerability. Risk assessments should guide public policies to protect underage youth working in tobacco farming. (298 words).

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Child Labor

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Illegal Child Labor in the United States: Prevalence and Characteristics

Illegal Child Labor in the United States: Prevalence and Characteristics

Environmental and Occupational Health Problems of Child Labour: Some Issues and Challenges for Future

Youth working in tobacco farming: effects on smoking behavior and association with health status

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