Child brides or child labor in a worst form?

Ullah

Lib. Arts Soc. Sci. Int. J.

2021

This research article investigates the socio-economic factors of child domestic labour. The quantitative methods utilize for the exploring the causal factors of child domestic labour. Data collected from 341 child domestic labour and their parents through snowball sampling techniques from the universe of the study. Uni-variate and Bi-variate statistics applied for the analysis of primary data. Poverty and over-population reinforce the child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan. Large family size and unemployment compel parents to allow children in school age as a domestic worker. Gender discrimination and poverty also increase children's susceptibility to work as domestic labour. Pashtun, culturally more preferred children to keep them as a domestic labour and Pashtuns allow children to work inside home due to purdah (veil). Domestic child labour also psycho-sextual and physical abuses and it is not reported in majority cases. Socio-economic protection of children and education significantly decrease the ratio of child domestic labour. It suggests to control over-population and provides socio-economic protection will decrease the ration of child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan.

Section: Analysis and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Socio-cultural factors of child domestic labour in the urban centre: A quantitative study in Peshawar Pakistan

Ullah

Lib. Arts Soc. Sci. Int. J.

2021

“…It generally considers all work that by its nature or the working conditions endangers the health, safety, or morals of young people as belonging to the worst forms of child labor. 30 Due to the facts already described, child soldiers can also be classified in this category. In this sense, the ILO Convention No.…”

Section: Optional Protocol On the Involvement Of Children In Armed Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prohibition of Child Recruitment as Soldiers: An International Regulatory Discourse

Arumbinang¹,

Gunawan²,

Salim³

2023

JMH

Children are frequently turned into child soldiers or used as human shields in armed conflicts. The use of child soldiers is condemned by all nations and is regarded as a grave breach of both children's rights and international humanitarian law. The paper aims to discuss pertinent provisions of international legal norms, particularly those that relate to child soldiers in the sequence of their adoption. Additionally, it presents the issue of the implementation of several international conventions on the issue of using child soldiers and its atrocities in the international community. As the result, when it comes to addressing the issue of child soldiers, the international legal sources do not present a consistent picture. There has been a various provision in the determination of minimum age of a child that led to major debates among international communities. The situation is further exacerbated by the fact that, while some countries have accepted the convention as binding on themselves, their implementation faces significant challenges, such as the fact that the majority of international treaties lack sanctioning power, limiting their ability to properly accomplish the preventive purpose.

“…Another example is that human trafficking studies regularly point out that child migrant workers are at particular risk of more extreme forms of exploitation (Gibbs et al, 2019;Kakar, 2020;Şişli & Limoncelli, 2019). It is estimated that more than half of the 215 million young people trafficked in the world are in dangerous sectors, including forced sex work and street begging (International Labor Organization, 2011).…”

Section: Issues Of Diversity and The (Under) Reporting Of The Unified...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Profile of Reported Trafficking in Persons in Brazil Between 2009 and 2017

Passos

Santana

Cordero-Ramos

et al. 2020

J Interpers Violence

The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal evolution of the number of human trafficking cases notified by the health system in Brazil, considering the characteristics of the population. This article carries out a descriptive study on reports of trafficking in persons in consultation with the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System. This is a profile of reported trafficking in persons in Brazil between 2009 and 2017. Incidence rates were calculated with adjustments to the population record for each year and presented on a scale of 1:1,000,000 inhabitants. We developed a Poisson regression model to evaluate the ratio of the incidence rate. According to available data, there were 1,011 victims reported in the health system during the study period. The predominant profile of the population exposed to such violence is female, aged between 20 and 29 years, with low education and brown skin. There was a trend growth of annual reports about 10 percentage points ( p < .0001) and all regions had significantly higher incidence rates than the Southeast ( p < .0001), mainly Midwest, North and South. This means that the regions with the highest incidence rates have international land borders. Given the predominance of women in young adulthood, it is inferred that the majority were trafficked for sexual exploitation. This research represents a pioneering approach to the use and modeling of human trafficking data available in the Brazilian public health system. There is a probable underreporting of cases of trafficking in persons who transit health services. As such, identification methods for hard-to-reach populations should be integrated into future research on human trafficking to increase the likelihood of capturing victims.