Child beliefs, societal beliefs, and teacher-student identity match

Beliefs about Gender

“…While it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions from this vast literature, a prevalent though far from universal finding is that men are more overconfident than women, but only, or primarily, in male-typed domains. 1 This finding has been found in research that, like ours, asks participants to estimate their performance on a task (e.g., estimate your score on a test). Here some studies find no gender differences (Acker and Duck 2008), while others find men overestimating more than women when the domain is male-typed (Lundeberg, Fox, and Punćcohaŕ 1994;Deaux and Farris 1977;Pulford and Colman 1997;Beyer 1990Beyer , 1998Beyer and Bowden 1997).…”

“…where c and ω are such that beliefs always lie in [0,1] . This affine approximation appears to be consistent with the data presented in Figure 3.…”

Mind the gap: The role of gender in entrepreneurial career choice and social influence by founders

“…Role models—defined as cognitive constructions based on individual perceptions to be similar to others in particular roles, and the desire to increase this perceived similarity through emulation of attributes and achievement of identical goals (Gibson, ; Shapiro et al, )—have been shown to counterbalance stereotypes and change preferences in different settings over an individual's life or career. Access to mentoring, often via role models, seems to influence academic achievement (Eble & Hu, ; Gershenson et al, ), education and occupational choices (Kofoed & McGovney, ; Lyons & Zhang, ; Porter & Serra, in press), job performance, and advancement (Blau et al, ; Lyle & Smith, ). It seems that, at least in the short‐term, exposure to role models affects preferences, aspirations, and beliefs (Kram & Isabella, ), especially among underrepresented groups such as gender and race minorities (Gershenson et al, ; Kofoed & McGovney, ).…”

“…Role models are deemed critical for individual development (Eble & Hu, ; Gershenson et al, ) and career success (Blau et al, ; Lyle & Smith, ). Role models serve various functions based on individual needs and ambitions (Shapiro et al, ), and their influence is contingent on (often gender‐based) self‐categorization and social comparison processes (Kofoed & McGovney, ; McGinn & Milkman, ).…”

“…First, we add to the discussion on the value of mentoring, especially for underrepresented groups (e.g., Lyons & Zhang, , ), as an intervention to help reduce certain barriers such as stereotype threats. Role models and mentors seem to affect the education and occupational choices of minorities by helping them update their beliefs about their abilities, and changing their preferences for particular career paths (e.g., Eble & Hu, ; Kofoed & McGovney, ). We find that female founders can influence the career choices of their female joiners via a broadly defined role modeling function.…”