“…The witnesses’ response likely varies by the form of bullying, such as whether the act was overt (e.g., teasing, name calling, hitting, kicking) or indirect (e.g., social exclusion, rumors, stealing). In fact, adults often underestimate how harmful students view indirect bullying behaviors (Mishna et al, 2006; Waasdorp & Bradshaw, 2009), which in turn influences how they intervene (Bauman & Del Rio, 2006). Recently studies have shown that witnessing indirect bullying is associated with feeling less safe and weapon carrying (Goldstein, Young, & Boyd, 2008; Kuppens, Grietens, Onghena, Michiels, & Subramanian, 2008).…”