Chikungunya virus: epidemiology, replication, disease mechanisms, and prospective intervention strategies

The neurological complications of chikungunya virus: A systematic review

“…There are currently no specific antiviral agents or vaccines for chikungunya virus . Various in vitro compounds active against chikungunya virus have been reported, including both direct‐acting and host‐targeting antivirals; however, most of these compounds have yet to find their way into in vivo models and clinical trials .…”

A scoping review of Chikungunya virus infection: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, viral co-circulation complications, and control

“…Polyarthralgia has been described to persist for varying periods of time, lasting from weeks to several months and, in some cases, up to five years, depending on the populations evaluated (Borgherini et al, 2008;Sissoko et al, 2009;Manimunda et al, 2010;Simon et al, 2011). The persistence of polyarthralgia in some alphaviruses, such as SFV and SINV, seems to be associated with persistence of viral antigens and immune responses (inflammation) in the joints (Atkinson et al, 1986;Perri et al, 2000;Hoarau et al, 2010;Labadie et al, 2010;Simon et al, 2011;Poo et al, 2014;Silva and Dermody, 2017). About the viral antigens, there is still no consensus whether they have replication competence (perhaps with mutations to promote their persistence) or are only the result of a delayed clearance of non-replicating viral antigen (Atkinson et al, 1986;Perri et al, 2000;Poo et al, 2014;Weaver and Lecuit, 2015).…”

“…In addition, the presence of infiltrating cells, mainly macrophages, monocytes and lymphocytes, and specific proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1, within the synovial fluid probably also contribute to the chronicity of the inflammation in chikungunya disease (Silva and Dermody, 2017). Moreover, severe cases of chikungunya may be related to age and diverse underlying medical conditions, such as hypertension, respiratory conditions and diabetes mellitus (Borgherini et al, 2007(Borgherini et al, , 2008Sankari et al, 2008;Economopoulou et al, 2009;Sissoko et al, 2009;Tandale et al, 2009).…”

Recent progress on chikungunya virus research

“…IgM is detectable as early as 5-7 days after the illness onset, and remains elevated for weeks to months. IgG can be detected approximately 7-10 days after the illness onset, usually after the disappearance of viremia, and remains detectable for months to years (Johnson et al, 2016b;Silva and Dermody, 2017). Therefore, IgM detection is widely used in the diagnosis of CHIKV acute infection in combination with molecular method; whereas IgG detection is used for testing convalescent specimen.…”