Chikungunya virus disease outbreak in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia

Pastula, Daniel M.; Hancock, W. Thane; Bel, Martin; Biggs, Holly M.; Marfel, Maria; Lanciotti, Robert S.; Laven, Janeen; Chen, Tai-Ho; Staples, J. Erin; Fischer, Marc; Hills, Susan L.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005410

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Since its introduction to the New World, Chikungunya (CHIK) has caused impressive outbreaks in Africa, Europe, Asia, and islands of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans (Pastula et al, 2017). According to a recent estimate, 3.6 billion people living in 124 countries are at high risk of disease with infection rates reported up to 75% (Nasci, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chikungunya virus (CHIKV; genus Alphavirus , family Togaviridae ) is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitos in sylvatic (animal-mosquito-man) or urban (man-mosquito-man) transmission cycle and was first identified in Tanzania in the 1950s ( Costa-da Silva et al, 2017 ). Since its introduction to the New World, Chikungunya (CHIK) has caused impressive outbreaks in Africa, Europe, Asia, and islands of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans ( Pastula et al, 2017 ). According to a recent estimate, 3.6 billion people living in 124 countries are at high risk of disease with infection rates reported up to 75% ( Nasci, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Awareness and knowledge of Chikungunya infection following its outbreak in Pakistan among health care students and professionals: a nationwide survey

Mallhi

Khan

Tanveer

et al. 2018

PeerJ

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BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) declares Chikungunya (CHIK) infection to be endemic in South Asia. Despite its first outbreak in Pakistan, no documented evidence exists which reveals the knowledge or awareness of healthcare students and workers (HCSW) regarding CHIK, its spread, symptoms, treatment and prevention. Since CHIK is an emergent infection in Pakistan, poor disease knowledge may result in a significant delay in diagnosis and treatment. The current study was aimed to evaluate the awareness and knowledge of CHIK among HCSW.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among HCSW from teaching institutes and hospitals in seven provinces of Pakistan. We collected information on socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and their knowledge by using a 30-item questionnaire. The cumulative knowledge score (CKS) was calculated by correct answers with maximum score of 22. The relationship between demographics and knowledge score was evaluated by using appropriate statistical methods.ResultsThere were 563 respondents; mean age 25.2 ± 5.9 years with female preponderance (62.5%). Of these, 319 (56.7%) were aware of CHIK infection before administering the survey. The average knowledge score was 12.8 ± 4.1 (% knowledge score: 58.2%). Only 31% respondents had good disease knowledge while others had fair (36.4%) and poor (32.6%) knowledge. Out of five knowledge domains, domain III (vector, disease spread and transmission) and V (prevention and treatment) scored lowest among all i.e. percent score 44.5% and 54.1%, respectively. We found that socio-demographic characteristics had no influence on knowledge score of the study participants.ConclusionApproximately one-half of participants were not aware of CHIK infection and those who were aware had insufficient disease knowledge. Findings of the current study underscore the dire need of educational interventions not only for health care workers but also for students, irrespective to the discipline of study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Awareness and knowledge of Chikungunya infection following its outbreak in Pakistan among health care students and professionals: a nationwide survey

Mallhi

Khan

Tanveer

et al. 2018

PeerJ

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“…For instance, WNV is the most common cause of encephalitis in the US, enhanced by the bird reservoir hosts ( 14 ). CHIKV has caused extensive epidemics on islands in the Indian Ocean, in particular, La Reunion ( 15 – 17 ). The spread of these emerging viruses into previously unaffected regions can be attributed to more frequent and distant travels, evolution of mutant viral strains with altered virulence, and changes in climate and local ecosystems.…”

Section: Discovery Of the Viruses And The Magnitude Of The Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Viral Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Developing Nervous System: A Mini Review

et al. 2018

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The global public health concern is heightened over the increasing number of emerging viruses, i.e., newly discovered or previously known that have expanded into new geographical zones. These viruses challenge the health-care systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries from which several of them have originated and been transmitted by insects worldwide. Some of these viruses are neuroinvasive, but have been relatively neglected by neuroscientists. They may provide experiments by nature to give a time window for exposure to a new virus within sizeable, previously non-infected human populations, which, for instance, enables studies on potential long-term or late-onset effects on the developing nervous system. Here, we briefly summarize studies on the developing brain by West Nile, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses, which are mosquito-borne and have spread worldwide out of SSA. They can all be neuroinvasive, but their effects vary from malformations caused by prenatal infections to cognitive disturbances following perinatal or later infections. We also highlight Ebola virus, which can leave surviving children with psychiatric disturbances and cause persistent infections in the non-human primate brain. Greater awareness within the neuroscience community is needed to emphasize the menace evoked by these emerging viruses to the developing brain. In particular, frontline neuroscience research should include neuropediatric follow-up studies in the field on long-term or late-onset cognitive and behavior disturbances or neuropsychiatric disorders. Studies on pathogenetic mechanisms for viral-induced perturbations of brain maturation should be extended to the vulnerable periods when neurocircuit formations are at peaks during infancy and early childhood.

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“…In November 2018, over 200,000 people in 15 of Sudan's 18 States have been affected by heavy rains and flash floods between June and early November. The worst affected States were Kassala (47,480 people were affected), Sennar (33,830), West Kordofan (33,175), Gedaref (23,975), Red Sea (19,100), Northern (16,450), Central Darfur (14,200), and White Nile (13,645) [1]. The situation created favourable ground for mosquitoes breeding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreak of Chikungunya Fever in Sudan, 2018-2019

E¹

2019

JOJPH

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Introduction:During the period between 31 May 2018 and 30 March 2019, Sudan witnessed an unprecedented large outbreak of Chikungunya Fever that constituted a public health emergency of national concern.Objective: To describe the occurrence, spread, magnitude and the responses to the outbreak; and to document lessons learned.Material and methods: Sources of data included data from the national sentinel disease surveillance, laboratory investigation findings on the outbreak, summary of the discussions at the Emergency Operation Centres (EOC), and situation and field visit reports.Results: The disease surveillance system reported a total of 48,763 cases of Chikungunya Fever in Sudan. Molecular characterization of the virus indicated that the Chikungunya virus was of Southeast Asian origin. Almost all cases (99.7%) of Chikungunya Fever in the country occurred in Kassala and Red Sea States of eastern Sudan alone (19,902 and 28,861 cases respectively). Almost all cases concentrated in two major cities: Kassala City (95.5% of all cases in Kassala State) and Port Sudan City (94.2% of all cases in Red Sea State). Smaller outbreaks and sporadic cases of Chikungunya Fever were reported from seven other States; the sporadic cases were epidemiologically linked to the outbreak in eastern Sudan and did not result in outbreaks with locally acquired cases. Females were slightly more affected than males (51.2% compared to 48.8%). More than 75% of cases occurred among population aged 20-60 years.In both Kassala and Red Sea States, the Attack Rate (AR per 10,000 population) of Chikungunya Fever was consistently higher among females and the elderly; and, increased progressively with age. The AR among younger and older population showed no major difference among female and male population. Implementation of aggressive vector control measures in the affected localities in North Kordofan and West Darfur States succeeded in controlling smaller outbreak in short periods of time.Discussion: This outbreak was the largest outbreak of Chikungunya Fever ever occurred in Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Cases showed temporal, spatial, and population aggregation during the outbreak. It is most likely that the virus entered the Sudan through a ship that harboured in Sawakin seaport. The sentinel disease surveillance system succeeded in detecting the outbreak early but grossly underestimated the actual number of cases.

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Chikungunya virus disease outbreak in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Awareness and knowledge of Chikungunya infection following its outbreak in Pakistan among health care students and professionals: a nationwide survey

Awareness and knowledge of Chikungunya infection following its outbreak in Pakistan among health care students and professionals: a nationwide survey

Emerging Viral Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Developing Nervous System: A Mini Review

Outbreak of Chikungunya Fever in Sudan, 2018-2019

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