Chikungunya virus Detection in Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus during an Outbreak in the Amazon Region

Cruz, Ana Cecília Ribeiro; Neto, Joaquim Pinto Nunes; Silva, Sandro Patroca da; Silva, Eliana Vieira Pinto da; Pereira, Glennda Juscely Galvão; Santos, Maissa Maia; Monteiro, Hamilton Antônio de Oliveira; Santos, Flávia Barreto dos; Guimarães, Ricardo José de Paula Souza e; Aragão, Carine Fortes; Martins, Lívia Carício

doi:10.3390/v12080853

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This finding aligns with the widespread prevalence of the ECSA genotype since its introduction in 2014 [45], which is frequently detected in human CHIK cases in Brazil [46,47], including those in the state of Minas Gerais [48]. Despite its importance, there are few reports on genomic CHIKV surveillance in mosquitoes from Brazil [6,[12][13][14][49][50][51][52]. This is the first detection of CHIKV in vectors from the southeast of the region, the most urbanized and densely populated area of Brazil.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…In Brazil, the main vector for CHIKV is the Aedes aegypti mosquito [5,6]. However, a single genetic mutation (CHIKV E1-226V) has enabled CHIKV adaptation in Aedes albopictus, expanding the potential for epidemics in areas with low Ae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…albopictus are highly competent at transmitting CHIKV [8,9] and have spread widely since their introduction in 1986 [10][11][12]. Additionally, urban areas in Brazil are infested with Culex quinquefasciatus, which has been found to be naturally infected by CHIKV [6,13,14], although its vector competence is controversial [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Frequencies of kdr Mutation and Chikungunya Infection in Aedes aegypti Population from Minas Gerais, Brazil

Almeida-Souza,

Oliveira,

Brito

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) presents global health challenges, with Brazil experiencing outbreaks since its introduction in 2014. In 2023, following a CHIKV outbreak in Minas Gerais (MG), social media was used to optimize an entomological survey aimed at identifying vectors and viral lineages and assessing insecticide resistance. Following Instagram posts, residents with suspected CHIKV infection were able to schedule mosquito aspirations. In total, 421 mosquitoes (165 Aedes aegypti and 256 Culex quinquefasciatus) were captured from 40 households in Salinas city (MG) and tested for the Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses through RT-qPCR. Twelve of 57 pools (10 Ae. aegypti and two Cx. quinquefasciatus) tested positive for CHIKV RNA. Viral RNA was also detected in the heads of nine Ae. aegypti, indicating viral dissemination but not in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Genome sequencing yielded the first near-complete genome from the 2023 outbreak, unveiling that the CHIKV strain belonged to the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype. Additionally, genetic analyses revealed high frequencies of kdr alleles, including in CHIKV-infected mosquitoes, suggesting resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in this Ae. aegypti population. Social media was important for guiding mosquito-capture efforts in CHIKV transmission hotspots, thus optimizing the opportunity for viral detection. These findings emphasize the urgent need for innovative vector studies and control strategies, as well as interdisciplinary approaches in public health interventions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Frequencies of kdr Mutation and Chikungunya Infection in Aedes aegypti Population from Minas Gerais, Brazil

Almeida-Souza,

Oliveira,

Brito

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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“…pipiens were also detected during an outbreak in the Amazon region of Bazil. Since only mosquito pools were analyzed using PCR, no statement on the transmission rate could be made [ 55 ]. Nevertheless, our results indicate that other mosquito species than the well-established Ae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Vector Competence Studies of Chikungunya Virus Lacking Repetitive Motifs in the 3′ Untranslated Region of the Genome

Karliuk

Hemdt

Wieseler

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Using reverse genetics, we analyzed a chikungunya virus (CHIKV) isolate of the Indian Ocean lineage lacking direct repeat (DR) elements in the 3′ untranslated region, namely DR1a and DR2a. While this deletion mutant CHIKV-∆DR exhibited growth characteristics comparable to the wild-type virus in Baby Hamster Kidney cells, replication of the mutant was reduced in Aedes albopictus C6/36 and Ae. aegypti Aag2 cells. Using oral and intrathoracic infection of mosquitoes, viral infectivity, dissemination, and transmission of CHIKV-∆DR could be shown for the well-known CHIKV vectors Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Oral infection of Ae. vexans and Culex pipiens mosquitoes with mutant or wild-type CHIKV showed very limited infectivity. Dissemination, transmission, and transmission efficiencies as determined via viral RNA in the saliva were slightly higher in Ae. vexans for the wild-type virus than for CHIKV-∆DR. However, both Ae. vexans and Cx. pipiens allowed efficient viral replication after intrathoracic injection confirming that the midgut barrier is an important determinant for the compromised infectivity after oral infection. Transmission efficiencies were neither significantly different between Ae. vexans and Cx. pipiens nor between wild-type and CHIKV-∆DR. With a combined transmission efficiency of 6%, both Ae. vexans and Cx. pipiens might serve as potential vectors in temperate regions.

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“…quinquefasciatus is participating in the CHIKV transmission. Moreover, the limitation of the study was not performed of salivary gland analysis, which could determine of vector competence [ 22 ]. In contrast, reports have shown evidence of a lack of competence of Cx .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection of Indian Ocean Lineage Chikungunya virus RNA in field collected Culex quinquefasciatus Say from Bangkok, Thailand but no evidence of virus replication

et al. 2021

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Following an outbreak of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections in Thailand in 2019, numerous cases of CHIKV infection have been diagnosed in Bangkok, the capital of the country. In our previous investigation of the vectors for disease transmission, we found natural infection of CHIKV in both male and female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected from the outbreak areas in Bangkok. Some reports mentioned the detection of CHIKV in Culex mosquitoes. In Thailand, the Culex quinquefasciatus Say mosquito is a common species found in urban and rural settings that coexists with Ae. aegypti. However, the role of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the spread of the Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) of CHIKV in Thailand has never been investigated. In this study, Cx. quinquefasciatus were collected (16 males and 27 females) from an outbreak area in Bangkok. Eight of the 27 in field-caught female Cx. quinquefasciatus were positive for IOL CHIKV RNA, and 99–100% identity and full 100% coverage of sequences similar to CHIKV isolated from female Ae. aegypti in Bangkok, Thailand, whereas viral RNA was not detected in male samples using nested-RT-PCR. To determine whether CHIKV is able to replicate in Cx. quinquefasciatus, the laboratory strain of Cx. quinquefasciatus was allowed to feed on blood containing IOL CHIKV isolated from patient serum. The nested-RT-PCR, virus isolation, and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) were performed for CHIKV detection and replication. The results showed that CHIKV RNA was detected in Cx. quinquefasciatus until day 4 post infection. CHIKV did not produce any remarkable signs of infection, dissemination, or transmission in Cx. quinquefasciatus, and cytopathic effect (CPE) was not observed in C6/36 cells when infected with supernatant obtained from Cx. quinquefasciatus at days 7, 10, 14, and 21 post infection when compared to Ae. aegypti. The data from this study infer that CHIKV may be detected in Cx. quinquefasciatus but that the mosquito is not able to transmit CHIKV in Thailand.

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Chikungunya virus Detection in Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus during an Outbreak in the Amazon Region

Cited by 10 publications

References 42 publications

High Frequencies of kdr Mutation and Chikungunya Infection in Aedes aegypti Population from Minas Gerais, Brazil

High Frequencies of kdr Mutation and Chikungunya Infection in Aedes aegypti Population from Minas Gerais, Brazil

Characterization and Vector Competence Studies of Chikungunya Virus Lacking Repetitive Motifs in the 3′ Untranslated Region of the Genome

Molecular detection of Indian Ocean Lineage Chikungunya virus RNA in field collected Culex quinquefasciatus Say from Bangkok, Thailand but no evidence of virus replication

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