Chikungunya Outbreak in Kedougou, Southeastern Senegal in 2009–2010

Abstract

BackgroundIn Senegal, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which is an emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus, circulates in a sylvatic and urban/domestic cycle and has caused sporadic human cases and epidemics since 1960s. However, the real impact of the CHIKV sylvatic cycle in humans and mechanisms underlying its emergence still remains unknown.MethodologyOne thousand four hundred nine suspect cases of CHIKV infection, recruited from 5 health facilities located in Kedougou region, south-eastern Senegal, between May 2009 to March 2010, together with 866 serum samples collected from schoolchildren from 4 elementary schools in May and November 2009 from Kedougou were screened for anti-CHIKV immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibodies and, when appropriate, for viral nucleic acid by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR) and virus isolation. In addition, mosquitoes collected in the same area from May 2009 to January 2010 were tested for CHIKV by rPCR and by virus isolation, and 116 monkeys sera collected from March 2010 to May 2010 were tested for anti-CHIKV IgM and neutralizing antibodies.ResultsThe main clinical manifestations of the CHIKV suspect cases were headache, myalgia, and arthralgia. Evidence for CHIKV infection was observed in 1.4% (20 of 1409) of patients among suspect cases. No significant difference was observed among age or sex groups. In addition, 25 (2.9%) students had evidence of CHIKV infection in November 2009. Chikungunya virus was detected in 42 pools of mosquitoes, mainly from Aedes furcifer, and 83% of monkeys sampled were seropositive.ConclusionsOur findings further documented that CHIKV is maintained in a sylvatic transmission cycle among monkeys and Aedes mosquitoes in Kedougou, and humans become infected by exposure to the virus in the forest.

Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study

“…The outbreak finding revealed that Chikungunya infection occurred equally between the genders and age groups. This study is consistent with a study conducted in Kedougou, Southeastern Senegal [8]. All cases of Chikungunya infection had fever, headache and joint pain (100%).…”

Estimated mortality rate and leading causes of death among individuals with chikungunya in 2016 and 2017 in Brazil

“…In the CHIK seroprevalence studies of adults in Guadeloupe and Martinique in 2014, statistically significant differences were observed between the participants in terms of age and male sex 42 . In contrast, a study conducted in Senegal in 2009 and 2010 has found no difference in terms of sex and age between the confirmed cases of chikungunya 43 . Male sex was significantly associated with the risk of death among individuals in the state of Ceará (OR: 2.05).…”

Chikungunya in Infants and Children: Is Pathogenesis Increasing?

“…Conversely, the 2005 CHIKV outbreak in Karnataka, India, the 2006–2007 outbreak in Gabon, the 2008–2009 CHIKV outbreak in Thailand, and the 2010 outbreaks in Senegal and India reported dengue-like illness or undifferentiated fever with rash (Table 1) [34,41,44,45]. Furthermore, CHIKV infection of fetuses, neonates, or children caused no significant effects or long-term sequalae [44].…”

“…This genotype circulates in the western sub-Saharan regions of Africa and hasn’t been identified outside of this region. It has been documented in periodic outbreaks in Senegal and Nigeria and is typically associated with dengue-like illness accompanied by arthralgia [26,27,45,90,115,116,117,118]. In children, the disease is a minor and self-limiting febrile illness with no debilitating or neurological sequelae reported, even in recent outbreaks (Table 1) [45].…”