Chicken Faeces Garden Fertilizer: Possible Source of Human Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection

Kandun, I. Nyoman; Samaan, Gina; Harun, Syahrial; Purba, Wilfried H.; Sariwati, Elvieda; Septiawati, Chita; Silitonga, Marlinggom; Dharmayanti, Ni Luh Putu Indi; Kelly, Paul; Wandra, Toni

doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01246.x

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…exposure to H5N1 contaminated environments may also lead to H5N1 infection [36], [49], [50], [51], [52]. Exposure to H5N1 virus in contaminated feces in garden fertilizer has been reported as a source of human infection [53]. Because birds are known to shed high concentrations of virus into water sources, transmission from poultry to humans through contaminated water is also possible [52].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Little is understood about non-direct contact exposures to H5N1-infected poultry that may increase the risk of human infection, though recent studies have suggested an association between exposure to a contaminated environment (e.g., water; cleaning poultry cages or their designated areas; using poultry feces for fertilizer) and infection either through ingestion, conjunctival or intranasal inoculation of contaminated water, soil [49], [51], [53] or via fomites e.g. equipment or vehicles [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the nature of the contact between some H5N1 patients and poultry was extensive, i.e., via preparing infected poultry, while some cases have reported less intense exposure to virus such as during swimming or bathing in potentially virus laden ponds or visiting LBMs without direct contract with poultry, and some have had no known exposure to poultry prior to infection [53], [57]. A better understanding of the risk of transmission via direct or indirect contact, through ingestion or inhalation or other exposure routes is needed to refine strategies to reduce risk of H5N1 infections in people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1): Pathways of Exposure at the Animal‐Human Interface, a Systematic Review

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundThe threat posed by highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses to humans remains significant, given the continued occurrence of sporadic human cases (499 human cases in 15 countries) with a high case fatality rate (approximately 60%), the endemicity in poultry populations in several countries, and the potential for reassortment with the newly emerging 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain. Therefore, we review risk factors for H5N1 infection in humans.Methods and FindingsSeveral epidemiologic studies have evaluated the risk factors associated with increased risk of H5N1 infection among humans who were exposed to H5N1 viruses. Our review shows that most H5N1 cases are attributed to exposure to sick poultry. Most cases are sporadic, while occasional limited human-to-human transmission occurs. The most commonly identified factors associated with H5N1 virus infection included exposure through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids of infected poultry via food preparation practices; touching and caring for infected poultry; consuming uncooked poultry products; exposure to H5N1 via swimming or bathing in potentially virus laden ponds; and exposure to H5N1 at live bird markets.ConclusionsResearch has demonstrated that despite frequent and widespread contact with poultry, transmission of the H5N1 virus from poultry to humans is rare. Available research has identified several risk factors that may be associated with infection including close direct contact with poultry and transmission via the environment. However, several important data gaps remain that limit our understanding of the epidemiology of H5N1 in humans. Although infection in humans with H5N1 remains rare, human cases continue to be reported and H5N1 is now considered endemic among poultry in parts of Asia and in Egypt, providing opportunities for additional human infections and for the acquisition of virus mutations that may lead to more efficient spread among humans and other mammalian species. Collaboration between human and animal health sectors for surveillance, case investigation, virus sharing, and risk assessment is essential to monitor for potential changes in circulating H5N1 viruses and in the epidemiology of H5N1 in order to provide the best possible chance for effective mitigation of the impact of H5N1 in both poultry and humans.DisclaimerThe opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the institutions or organizations with which they are affiliated.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1): Pathways of Exposure at the Animal‐Human Interface, a Systematic Review

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In villages located far from the river, the alternative water source and water storage can be a small pond for washing/bathing, drinking/cooking, gardening and sometimes raising fish or ducks. Ducks that can potentially be infected by A(H5N1) virus have access to these communal ponds and may defecate/shed large quantities of virus in pond water [20–22]. A(H5N1) infections in two children in Vietnam may be linked to swimming/bathing in canal water also accessed by ducks [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental contamination and risk factors for transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) to humans, Cambodia, 2006-2010

Vong

Cavailler

et al. 2016

BMC Infect Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundHighly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus has been of public health concern since 2003. Probable risk factors for A(H5N1) transmission to human have been demonstrated in several studies or epidemiological reports. However, transmission patterns may differ according to demographic characteristics of the population and local practices. This article aggregates these data from three studies with data collected in the previous surveys in 2006 and 2007 to further examine the risks factors associated with presence of anti-A(H5) antibodies among villagers residing within outbreak areas.MethodsWe aggregated 5-year data (2006–2010) from serology survey and matched case-control studies in Cambodia to further examine the risks factors associated with A(H5N1) infection among villagers in the outbreak areas.ResultsSerotesting among villagers detected 35 (1.5 % [0–2.6]) positive cases suggesting recent exposure to A(H5N1) virus. Practices associated with A(H5N1) infection among all ages were: having poultry cage or nesting area under or adjacent to the house (OR: 6.7 [1.6–28.3]; p = 0.010) and transporting poultry to market (OR: 17.6 [1.6–193.7]; p = 0.019). Practices found as risk factors for the infection among age under 20 years were swimming/bathing in ponds also accessed by domestic poultry (OR: 4.6 [1.1–19.1]; p = 0.038). Association with consuming wild birds reached borderline significance (p = 0.066).ConclusionOur results suggest that swimming/bathing in contaminated pond water and close contact with poultry may present a risk of A(H5N1) transmission to human.

show abstract

“…From the infected birds, the viruses get excreted through their respiratory tract, conjunctiva and faeces and spread through direct contact as well as indirectly by means of aerosols, virus contaminated soil, feed, water, faeces, equipments, fomites, etc. (Alexander 2001;FAO 2004;de Jong et al 2005;WHO 2006;Vong et al 2008Vong et al , 2009Kandun et al 2009). Another possible means of transmission is from the blood or body fluids of infected birds via slaughterhouse and other food processing practices (Greiner et al 2007), consumption of uncooked poultry products, improper waste disposal practices, etc.…”

Section: Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)mentioning

confidence: 97%

Epidemiology of Influenza Viruses

Kapoor

Dhama

2014

Insight Into Influenza Viruses of Animals and Humans

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Chicken Faeces Garden Fertilizer: Possible Source of Human Avian Influenza H5N1 Infection

Cited by 22 publications

References 5 publications

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1): Pathways of Exposure at the Animal‐Human Interface, a Systematic Review

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1): Pathways of Exposure at the Animal‐Human Interface, a Systematic Review

Environmental contamination and risk factors for transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) to humans, Cambodia, 2006-2010

Epidemiology of Influenza Viruses

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About