Chewing gum does not induce context-dependent memory when flavor is held constant

Overman, Amy A.; Sun, Justin; Golding, Abbe C.; Prevost, Darius

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.06.013

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…For this, the subjects were shown a series of random digits on their mobile screens for 10 seconds and then were told to recall and arrange the digits in ascending order. 13,16 If completed successfully, the number of digits in sequence was increased by one and the subjects had to perform this test all over again with increase in the number of digits after every turn. The maximum number of digits they were able to get in a correct was the limit of their immediate number recall and proved as a measure of their short term memory..…”

Section: Digit Span Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of peppermint, chewing gum on memory, cognition, alertness, reaction time, arithmetic skills and athletic performance during laboratory induced stress in undergraduate medical students

Gandhi¹,

Siddiqui²

2019

Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol

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Background: Many medical students are dealing with day to day stress in their lives and they need to be both physically and mentally active to counter and overcome their daily problems. In such scenario, a non-pharmacological adjunct could prove useful to counter all of it so that they can work more efficiently. Many universities do recommend the use of peppermints and chewing gums. This study is conducted to see if any of these items actually have an influence on cognitive and physical abilities.Methods: A non-randomized controlled trial was performed on the undergraduate medical students of N.K.P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre belonging to the age group of 18-21 years. They were given normal flavoured gum, mint flavoured gum and peppermint. A series of cognitive and physiological tests in both stressful and stress free environments were performed.Results: Consumption of peppermint in a stressful environment showed increase in attention span of the subjects and it increased the intelligence Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-R (WAIS-R) in both stress free and stressful environments. As compared to normal gum, peppermint and peppermint gum proved to be more effective. There was no significant change observed in alertness, reaction time, arithmetic ability, short term memory and fatigue index in any of the subjects.Conclusions: Peppermint has caused increase in the attention span and intelligence of medical students in a stressful work scenario. Peppermint gum was found to be more beneficial than normal gum.

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Section: Digit Span Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 Also subjects had a fall in cognitive skills and short term memory. 13 Some studies also showed fall in basic arithmetic skills and increase in stress levels of subjects. 14,15 Effect of peppermint consumption on overall physical fitness was seen in some studies and it had positive results while in some cases it remained unaltered.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of peppermint, chewing gum on memory, cognition, alertness, reaction time, arithmetic skills and athletic performance during laboratory induced stress in undergraduate medical students

Gandhi¹,

Siddiqui²

2019

Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol

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“…Nevertheless, participants who chewed gum during both learning and recall did not perform better in the memory task than participants who did not chew gum during learning and recall. Overman and colleagues [24] asked participants to either chew a piece of cinnamon gum or to suck a sweet with cinnamon flavor during learning and recall. These authors also failed to find any indication of context-dependent memory effects of gum chewing (recall after less than an hour; word list used: two word lists containing 15 words each (concrete versus abstract words), visual presentation, one learning trial).…”

Section: Context-dependent Effects Of Gum Chewing On Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two studies observed that chewing gum can provoke context-dependent effects on long-term memory [7,10]. However, four studies failed to replicate context-dependent effects of gum chewing upon memory [11][12][13]24]. In this context, it appears to be important to emphasize that context-dependent effects of chewing gum on memory did not necessarily mean that memory performance was better when participants chewed gum whilst leaning and recalling information in comparison to their performance when not chewing gum.…”

Section: Context-dependent Effects Of Gum Chewing On Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gum Chewing and Cognition: An Overview

Tucha¹,

Koerts²

2012

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In recent years, there was a debate about the effects of gum chewing on various aspects of cognitive functioning. In this review, the results of previous studies are presented and summarized. There is a clear indication that gum chewing can improve various aspects of cognitive functioning including memory, attention and both executive and intellectual functioning. However, there is also clear evidence that chewing gum during cognitive tasks can adversely affect task performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that the replication of (beneficial or detrimental) effects of gum chewing on cognition has been proven to be very difficult. Consequently, the robustness of reported effects of gum chewing on cognition has to be questioned. Suggestions for future research are given

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“…The results were partially consistent with CDM predictions: recall was best for the gum–gum group, but only for delayed (24 hr) recall. However, since this early finding, a number of well‐controlled studies (see Johnson & Miles, 2007, 2008; Miles & Johnson, 2007, 2010; Overman, Sun, Golding, & Prevost, 2009), have been unable to either reproduce a CDM benefit, or demonstrate a general facilitative effect of chewing gum on memory performance. Given the lack of strong empirical support for either CDM or positive memorial effects while chewing gum, the current experiment was designed to address two points of methodology that, either together or independently, might account for the largely null effects of chewing gum on free recall performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of chewing gum resistance on immediate free recall

Rickman

Johnson

Miles

2012

British J of Psychology

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Although the facilitative effects of chewing gum on free recall have proved contentious (e.g., Tucha, Mecklinger, Maier, Hammerl, & Lange, 2004; Wilkinson, Scholey, & Wesnes, 2002), there are strong physiological grounds, for example, increased cerebral activity and blood flow following the act of mastication, to suppose facilitation. The present study manipulated resistance to mastication, that is, chewing four pellets versus one pellet of gum, with the assumption that increased resistance will accentuate cerebral activity and blood flow. Additionally, chewing rate was recorded for all participants. In a within-participants design, participants performed a series of immediate free recall tasks while chewing gum at learning (one or four pellets) and recall (one or four pellets). Increased chewing resistance was not associated with increased memory performance, despite consistent chewing rates for both the one and four pellet conditions at both learning and recall. However, a pattern of recall consistent with context-dependent memory was observed. Here, participants who chewed the equivalent number of gum pellets at both learning and recall experienced significantly superior word recall compared to those conditions where the number of gum pellets differed.

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Chewing gum does not induce context-dependent memory when flavor is held constant

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of peppermint, chewing gum on memory, cognition, alertness, reaction time, arithmetic skills and athletic performance during laboratory induced stress in undergraduate medical students

Effects of peppermint, chewing gum on memory, cognition, alertness, reaction time, arithmetic skills and athletic performance during laboratory induced stress in undergraduate medical students

Gum Chewing and Cognition: An Overview

The impact of chewing gum resistance on immediate free recall

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