Chestnut: history and ecology of a transformed species

Paillet, Frederick L.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00767.x

Cited by 177 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Part of this robust compensatory response by beech has undoubtedly to do with the species' propensity to reproduce vegetatively via adventitious root sprouts, especially from damaged root systems (Jones & Raynal 1988). The capacity to resprout from long-lived root systems is responsible for the maintenance of American chestnut as an understorey shrub in the presence of Chestnut blight (Paillet 2002). Indeed, vegetative reproduction may be a general mechanism promoting species persistence in the face of strong biotic threats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, vegetative reproduction may be a general mechanism promoting species persistence in the face of strong biotic threats. Unlike chestnut, whose sprouts quickly become reinfected soon after breaking the soil surface (Paillet 2002), many beech sprouts and seedlings survive long enough to reach the canopy, owing to extended ontogenetic immunity to scale insect attack and to relatively slow disease progression on infected stems (Houston 1994a). Perhaps counterintuitively, this pattern of intermediate tree longevity (uninfected beech live longer than infected beech, which live much longer than chestnut sprouts) may be as consequential to forest structure and function as outright species removal from the canopy, as occurred with chestnut.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subcontinental impacts of an invasive tree disease on forest structure and dynamics

et al. 2011

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Summary1. Introduced pests and pathogens are a major source of disturbance to ecosystems world-wide. The famous examples have produced dramatic reductions in host abundance, including virtual extirpation, but most introductions have more subtle impacts that are hard to quantify but are potentially at least as important due to the pathogens' effects on host reproduction, competitive ability and stress tolerance. A general outcome could be reduced host abundance with concomitant increases in the abundance of competitors. 2. Beech bark disease (BBD) is a widespread, fatal affliction of American beech (Fagus grandifolia), currently present in c. 50% of beech's distribution in eastern North America. Despite high adult mortality, beech remains a dominant component of the forest community. 3. Employing spatially extensive data from the national Forest Inventory and Analysis program of the United States Forest Service, we show that forests have changed dramatically in the presence of BBD. Within the 2.3 million km 2 range of beech, size-specific mortality was 65% higher in the longest-infected regions, and large beech ( >90 cm diameter at breast height) have declined from c. 79 individuals km )2 to being virtually absent. Small stem beech density was dramatically higher ( >350%) such that infested forests contain a roughly equivalent cross-sectional (basal) area of beech as before BBD. 4. There was no evidence for compensation by sugar maple or other co-occurring tree species via increased recruitment or adult survivorship at the landscape scale. Overall, community composition remained roughly unchanged as a result of BBD. 5. Surprisingly, trajectory of stand dynamics (shifts in stem density and mean tree size reflecting normal stand maturation (self-thinning) or retrogression (more abundant, smaller trees over time)) did not differ between affected and unaffected regions. Variance in stand dynamics was greater in afflicted forests, however, indicating that predictability of forest structure has been diminished by BBD. 6. Synthesis. Forests of eastern North America have shifted to increased density and dramatically smaller stature -without notable change in tree species composition -following the invasion of a novel forest disease. Our results reinforce the conclusion that introduced diseases alter fundamental properties of ecosystems, but indicate that the spectrum of potential effects is broader than generally appreciated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subcontinental impacts of an invasive tree disease on forest structure and dynamics

et al. 2011

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“…Consequently, this aspect could significantly alter the current forest species composition. Alternatively, it is also possible that the combined effects of disturbance, climate, and land use history may prevent American chestnut from colonization as a canopy-dominant tree [32].…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of ecophysiological responses to drought in American Chestnut

et al. 2006

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-With the anticipated reintroduction of blight resistant American chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.), it is important to understand physiological responses of the species to various environmental stresses. To test the hypothesis that instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE i ) of American chestnut seedlings is increased by water stress, we measured gas exchange, leaf optical properties, and growth of American chestnut seedlings under well-watered and drought in both glasshouse and field conditions. Under well-watered conditions, field grown seedlings had consistently higher net photosynthesis (A net ) and leaf stomatal conductance (g s ) values than glasshouse seedlings. Under drought conditions, both field and glasshouse grown seedlings responded with a general increase in WUE i . Compared to well-watered conditions, drought stress significantly reduced the amount of light absorption regardless of growth environment. Under well-watered conditions, both field and glasshouse grown seedlings had similar maximum net photosynthesis rate (A max ) and maximum rate of ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate regeneration (J max ); however, maximum carboxylation (Vc max ), CO 2 compensation point (Γ), carboxylation efficiency (CE), and dark respiration (R) were substantially higher in the field grown seedlings. When WUE i values are compared to those of prevailing deciduous hardwood species that now inhabit American chestnuts once native range, we conclude that American chestnut has an advantageous preadaptation to water stress that might be a key survival determinant when it is reintroduced. leaf conductance / net photosynthesis / water-use efficiency Résumé -Analyse des réponses écophysiologiques à la sécheresse du châtaignier américain. Pour anticiper la réintroduction du châtaignier améri-cain (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.) résistant à la rouille, il est important de comprendre les réponses physiologiques de cette espèce aux différents stress environnementaux. Pour tester l'hypothèse que l'efficience instantanée de l'eau (WUE i ) des semis de châtaignier américain est augmentée par le stress hydrique, nous avons mesuré les échanges gazeux, les propriétés optiques des feuilles et la croissance de semis bien alimentés en eau et de semis soumis à une sécheresse élevés en serre et en conditions extérieures. Dans le cas d'une bonne alimentation en eau, les semis poussant à l'extérieur ont eu constamment des valeurs plus élevées de photosynthèse nette (A net ) et de conductance foliaire (g s ) que celles des semis élevés en serre. Dans le cas de semis soumis à la sécheresse, les semis élevés en serre et ceux élevés en extérieur répondent par un accroissement général de WUE i . Comparativement aux conditions de bonne alimentation hydrique, la sécheresse réduit significativement la quantité de lumière absorbée indépendamment des conditions environnementales. En condition de bonne alimentation hydrique, les semis élevés en serre et en extérieur ont un taux maximum de photosynthèse nette (A max ) et un taux maximum de ...

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“…Root nematode pathogens, aerially dispersed Phytophthora pathogens, and native Phellinus root pathogens have each been shown to alter biogeochemical processes including nitrogen and carbon cycling [51][52][53]. Forest structural changes can be dramatic, and include shifts in size class distribution, selective removal of individuals, or changes in species composition [7,12,54,55]. The nature and extent of forest structural changes depend on specific biological characteristics of the pathogen such as the host range and virulence, as well as interactions with the biology of the tree host, including age-or size-related variation in susceptibility or host competency to transmit the pathogen.…”

Section: Disease As Disturbancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model is a visualization of host, pathogen, and environment in a tripartite dynamic interaction framework that has been especially useful when applied at the individual-to-stand level. However, this application is in some contrast to the scale of the most problematic disease outbreaks which tend to occur across landscapes or regions [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree Diseases as a Cause and Consequence of Interacting Forest Disturbances

Cobb

Metz

2017

Forests

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Abstract:The disease triangle is a basic and highly flexible tool used extensively in forest pathology. By linking host, pathogen, and environmental factors, the model provides etiological insights into disease emergence. Landscape ecology, as a field, focuses on spatially heterogeneous environments and is most often employed to understand the dynamics of relatively large areas such as those including multiple ecosystems (a landscape) or regions (multiple landscapes). Landscape ecology is increasingly focused on the role of co-occurring, overlapping, or interacting disturbances in shaping spatial heterogeneity as well as understanding how disturbance interactions mediate ecological impacts. Forest diseases can result in severe landscape-level mortality which could influence a range of other landscape-level disturbances including fire, wind impacts, and land use among others. However, apart from a few important exceptions, these disturbance-disease interactions are not well studied. We unite aspects of forest pathology with landscape ecology by applying the disease-triangle approach from the perspective of a spatially heterogeneous environment. At the landscape-scale, disturbances such as fire, insect outbreak, wind, and other events can be components of the environmental 'arm' of the disease triangle, meaning that a rich base of forest pathology can be leveraged to understand how disturbances are likely to impact diseases. Reciprocal interactions between disease and disturbance are poorly studied but landscape ecology has developed tools that can identify how they affect the dynamics of ecosystems and landscapes.

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Chestnut: history and ecology of a transformed species

Cited by 177 publications

References 23 publications

Subcontinental impacts of an invasive tree disease on forest structure and dynamics

Subcontinental impacts of an invasive tree disease on forest structure and dynamics

An analysis of ecophysiological responses to drought in American Chestnut

Tree Diseases as a Cause and Consequence of Interacting Forest Disturbances

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