Chest Injuries in Childhood

Abstract

Differences in anatomy and mechanisms of injury are believed to contribute to the unique response of children to thoracic trauma. To characterize the scope and consequences of childhood chest injury, we reviewed the records of 105 children (ages 1 month to 17 years, mean 7.6 years) with chest injuries admitted to a level I pediatric trauma center from 1981 to 1988. Nearly all injuries (97.1%) were due to blunt trauma, and more than 50% were traffic related. Rib fractures, commonly multiple, and pulmonary contusions occurred with nearly equal frequency (49.5% and 53.3%, respectively), followed by pneumothorax (37.1%) and hemothorax (13.3%). One fourth of all pneumothoraces were under tension. Significant intrathoracic injuries occurred without rib fractures in 52% of cases with blunt trauma. Associated head, abdominal, and orthopedic injuries were present in 68.6% of children reviewed. One in five received endotracheal intubation and ventilatory support for 1 to 109 days. Presence or absence of head injury neither increased the need for respiratory support (29.4% vs. 17.2%, respectively; p = 0.24) nor affected the duration of support for those who were ventilated (6.8 +/- 8.9 days vs. 3.3 +/- 2.6 days, excluding one ventilator-dependent head-injured patient and five early deaths). The presence of associated injuries, intubation, and pneumothorax or hemothorax all resulted in significantly longer hospitalizations and more severe injury as measured by Injury Severity Score (ISS). Age, rib fracture, and contusion had no effect. Rarely encountered were ruptured diaphragm (2 cases), transection of the aorta (1), major tracheobronchial tears (3), flail chest (1), and cardiac contusion (2). Only two of the three children with penetrating injuries and three of the 83 (3.6%) with blunt injuries underwent chest operations. Six children (7%) died, one from a penetrating injury and five from blunt mechanisms. Chest Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and ISS correlated significantly with mortality; age and head AIS did not. Rib fractures, lung contusions, and associated head, abdominal, and skeletal injuries are common because of the predominance of blunt-injury mechanisms. Nearly one half of chest injuries occurred without rib fractures. The need for ventilatory support is uncommon; when required, its duration is generally brief. Aortic transection, flail chest, and penetrating injuries more frequently encountered in adults and are uncommon in children. Thoracotomy generally is not required.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Severe blunt thoracic trauma: Differences between adults and children in a level 1 trauma centre

“…[5] Paediatric blunt thoracic trauma presents difficulties in both diagnosis and management owing to differences in anatomy. [6] Initial investigations may not reveal significant axial skeletal damage despite high energy transfer and resultant lung contusion, because of the elastic nature of the child's chest wall. Associated injuries such as rib and sternal fractures are thought to occur less commonly in the paediatric population.…”

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11] We aimed to review and contrast the incidence and outcome of blunt thoracic trauma among adults and children in a single level I trauma centre over a 6-year period.…”

Comparison of pediatric and adult patients with thoracic trauma in emergency department

“…Ismail and Al-Refaie (2012) found the rates for these two types of trauma to be 2.1% and 97.9%, respectively. In terms of the most common cause of blunt traumas as out-of-vehicle traffic accidents, Nakayama et al (1989) and Ismail and Al-Refaie (2012) reported rates of 25.7% and 38.3%, respectively, for this type of trauma. Meller et al (1984) found that penetrating thoracic traumas were seen less in children compared to adults, being most commonly seen in late childhood.…”

“…Nakayama et al (1989) evaluated thoracic traumas in patients under 17 years old and found that the rate of penetrating traumas was 2.9% and of blunt traumas was 97.1%. Ismail and Al-Refaie (2012) found the rates for these two types of trauma to be 2.1% and 97.9%, respectively.…”

“…In one study excluding pediatric cases, the most common thoracic injuries were rib fracture (44.1%) and hemopneumothorax (33%) (Çağırıcı et al,1998). Nakayama et al (1989) reported isolated or combined lung contusion (53.3%), rib fractures (49.5%), pneumothorax (37.1%), and hemothorax (13.3%) among pediatric intrathoracic injuries. Farber et al (1995) commented that rib fractures were seen more frequently than sternum fractures.…”