Cherry

Kappel, F.; Granger, A. R.; Hrotkó, K.; Schuster, Mirko

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0763-9_13

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…This is basically what happened during the development of the modern grape which began as a dioecious species in the Neolithic period and was, over thousands of years, transformed into the current perfect-fl ower, self-compatible fruit crop (Riaz et al 2007 ) . Currently, there is active work in the development of sweet cherry, Japanese pear, apricot, and almond cultivars that are self-fertile, and in the development of pear and persimmon cultivars that consistently set fruit parthenocarpically or are self-fertile (Gradziel 2008 ;Gradziel and Kester 1998 ;Socias i Company 1990 ;Apostol 2005 ;Kappel et al 2006Kappel et al , 2011Sansavini and Lugli 2005 ;Okada et al 2008 ;Yamada et al 1987 ) . These incompatibility systems have been studied genetically, and currently there are markers that can be used for characterizing the incompatibility alleles present in various species (Tao and Iezzoni 2010 ;Schuster et al 2007 ;Kodad and Socias i Company 2009 ;Guerra et al 2009 ;Bokszczanin et al 2009 ) .…”

Section: Fruiting Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 97%

Trends in Fruit Breeding

Byrne

2011

Fruit Breeding

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Fruit breeding is a long-term process which takes a minimum of about a decade from the original cross to a fi nished cultivar. Thus, much thought needs to go into which objectives to be emphasized in the breeding. Although certain objectives, such as yield and basic quality, are always important, the overall lifestyle, environmental, marketing, and production trends affect the objectives that breeders emphasize in their programs as they strive to anticipate the future needs of the fruit industry. The importance of each trend varies with the crop and environment. The major trends are to develop cultivars which simplify orchard practices, have increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, extend the adaptation zones of the crop, create new fruit types, create fruit cultivars with enhanced health benefi ts, and provide consistently high quality. Keywords IntroductionFruit breeders need to anticipate cultivar needs at least 10 years into the future, as this is the minimum time that most fruit cultivars take to develop from pollination to release. This chapter explores the larger trends in our lives, such as environmental issues, health consciousness, consumer trends in lifestyle, and the expectations and needs of producers to examine how these affect the objectives of our fruit breeding programs. Trends in the Business of Plant BreedingImproved plant protection legislation in the USA, Europe, and throughout the world has stimulated substantial research and the development of new plants for commercial exploitation. This has also tended to shift the breeding into the private sector (Heisey et al. 2001 ;Frey 1996Frey , 1998Traxler 1999 ) . This shift was quicker for the annual large acreage crops, such as corn, where public-generated commercial cultivars in the USA disappeared in the 1940s and the use of publically generated inbred lines ceased in the 1970s. Currently, public corn breeders concentrate more on basic research into corn breeding and genetics (Traxler 1999 ) .In fruit crops, this shift has been slower and dependent on the crop, with those crops with shorter life cycles and larger markets shifting to the private sector more rapidly. Throughout the world, the proportion of peach releases from public programs has decreased from 45% in the 1980s to 34% in the early 1990s (Della Strada et al. 1996 ;Della Strada and Fideghelli 2003 ;Fideghelli et al. 1998 ) . During the last decade in the USA, only ~15% of the peach and nectarine cultivars were released by public institutions. Support for the development of apricots, cherries, and apples is still with public institutions, but this is eroding and the private sector is becoming more involved in the release and Another factor is decreased funding for public breeding programs. In the USA, the public funding dedicated to breeding activities has decreased dramatically since the 1970s as the government shifted from a philosophy of completely funding programs to assisting programs with partial funding (Moore 1993 ;Frey 1996 ;Heisey et al. 2001 ) . Thus, t...

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Section: Fruiting Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 97%

Trends in Fruit Breeding

Byrne

2011

Fruit Breeding

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“…), leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) and Cytospora canker (Leucostoma spp.) (Kappel et al, 2012). Therefore, the development through breeding of fungal resistance cultivars is of pivotal significance towards the establishment of diseases management strategies (Ganopoulos et al, 2011), especially in trees where it is time consuming to breed for new characteristics and especially for phytopathogenic resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of extensive positive selection acting on cherry (Prunus avium L.) resistance gene analogs (RGAs)

Zambounis¹,

Ganopoulos²,

Avramidou³

et al. 2016

Aust J Crop Sci

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The cherry tree (Prunus avium L.), is an important tree species which is intensively plagued by many phytopathogenic fungal species. Resistance gene analogs (RGAs) are the largest class of resistance (R) genes and are pivotal components at breeding projects, serving as useful functional markers linked to R genes. In order to assess the evolutionary pressures acting upon P. avium RGAs candidates, their 173 homologues that have previously been deposited in GenBank were mined. Their proteins were clustered according to their blast(p) similarities in 12 MCL (Markov Cluster Algorithm) tribes, resulting in unique and well supported paralogous gene groups (PGGs). The extent to which these genes exhibit evidence of adaptive, positive selective pressures, which are causing excessive fixation of non-synonymous mutations, was determined using a series of maximum likelihood analyses using the PAML package. The results postulate existence of robust evidence of positive selection, acting in almost all of the clustered PGGs across their phylogenies. Furthermore, analyses revealed that the majority of the positively selected amino acid residues sites are localized widely across these RGAs sequences. We speculate that the clustered distribution of these RGAs might also be pronounced of high birth and death genes rates with diversifying episodes acting on their NB-ARC domains, putatively affecting their ligandbinding specificities. Such evolutionary insights shed light on how these NBS-encoding RGAs in P. avium are being evolved, assigning them as the foremost surveillance mechanism against rapidly evolving fungal pathogens, and providing breeders with effective tools for fast-tracking the development of varieties with more durable resistance.

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“…This latter aspect is quite important considering that for some species (e.g., Prunus sp.) large fruit size, pulp firmness, and sweetness are considered important fruit quality traits [4]. For instance, as reported by Kappel et al [4], fruit size at harvest of Prunus sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…large fruit size, pulp firmness, and sweetness are considered important fruit quality traits [4]. For instance, as reported by Kappel et al [4], fruit size at harvest of Prunus sp. is highly dependent on the relationships between yield efficiency, leaf area (LA), and crop load.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing an Accurate and Fast Non-Destructive Single Leaf Area Model for Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl) Cultivars

Teobaldelli

Rouphael

Fascella

et al. 2019

Plants

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In this research, seven different models to predict leaf area (LA) of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl) were tested and evaluated. This species was chosen due to the relevant importance of its fruit as an appreciated early summer product and of its leaves and flower as a source of additional income within the nutraceutical and functional food markets. The analysis (calibration and validation) was made using a large dataset (2190) of leaf width (W), leaf length (L), and single LA collected in ten common loquat cultivars. During the analysis, the results obtained using one- and two-regressor models were also evaluated to assess the need for fast measurements against different levels of accuracy achieved during the final estimate. The analysis permitted to finally select two different models: 1) a model based on a single measurement and quadratic relationship between the single LA and W (R2 = 0.894; root mean squared error [RMSE] = 12.98) and another model 2) based, instead, on two measurements (L and W), and on the linear relationship between single LA and the product of L × W (R2 = 0.980; RMSE = 5.61). Both models were finally validated with an independent dataset (cultivar ‘Tanaka’) confirming the quality of fitting and accuracy already observed during the calibration phase. The analysis permitted to select two different models to be used according to the aims and accuracy required by the analysis. One, based on a single-regressor quadratic model and W (rather than L) as a proxy variable, is capable of obtaining a good quality of fitting of the single LA of loquat cultivars (R2 = 0.894; RMSE = 12.98), whereas, the other, a linear two-regressor (i.e., W and L) model, permitted to achieve the highest prediction (R2 = 0.980; RMSE = 5.61) of the observed variable, but double the time required for leaf measurement.

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Cherry

Cited by 38 publications

References 144 publications

Trends in Fruit Breeding

Trends in Fruit Breeding

Evidence of extensive positive selection acting on cherry (Prunus avium L.) resistance gene analogs (RGAs)

Developing an Accurate and Fast Non-Destructive Single Leaf Area Model for Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl) Cultivars

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