Cherenkov-type diamond detectors for measurements of fast electrons in the TORE-SUPRA tokamak

Jakubowski, L.; Sadowski, M.; Zebrowski, J.; Rabiński, M.; Malinowski, K.; Mirowski, R.; Lotte, P.; Gunn, J.; Pascal, J.-Y.; Colledani, G.; Basiuk, V.; Goniche, M.; Lipa, M.

doi:10.1063/1.3280221

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…r Shapes of the electron signals, obtained in 2010, did not confirm the appearance of very thin electron layers in the scrape-off layer of the TORE-SUPRA facility, as suspected in the paper, 8 …”

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confidence: 80%

“…After manufacturing prototype Cherenkov measuring heads at the IPJ (now NCBJ) and their successful tests in small tokamaks, particularly within the CASTOR and ISSTOK machines, 6,7 the first measurements by means of a four-channel measuring head within the TORE-SUPRA facility were carried out in 2008. 8 The main aim of the studies described in this Note was to modify the construction of the Cherenkov measuring head and to collect new experimental data in successive TORE-SUPRA experiments. Physical principles of the operation a) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…8 Characteristics of electron-produced signals, which were measured within the TORE-SUPRA facility during the first experimental campaign in November 2008 showed possibility of recording fast electron beams, but the construction of the prototype measuring head could cause some shadowing of the Cherenkov detectors from incoming electron beams. In order to eliminate this effect, the positioning of the Cherenkov radiators (diamond crystals) was changed, and the new radiators were manufactured in the slightly modified versions, as shown in Fig.…”

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Note: Measurements of fast electrons in the TORE-SUPRA tokamak by means of modified Cherenkov-type diamond detector

Jakubowski

Sadowski

Zebrowski

et al. 2013

Review of Scientific Instruments

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The Note reports on experimental studies of ripple born fast electrons within the TORE-SUPRA facility, which were performed by means of a modified measuring head equipped with diamond detectors designed especially for recording the electron-induced Cherenkov radiation. There are presented signals produced by fast electrons in the TORE-SUPRA machine, which were recorded during two experimental campaigns performed in 2010. Shapes of these electron-induced signals are considerably different from those observed during the first measurements carried out by the prototype Cherenkov probe in 2008. An explanation of the observed differences is given.

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Note: Measurements of fast electrons in the TORE-SUPRA tokamak by means of modified Cherenkov-type diamond detector

Jakubowski

Sadowski

Zebrowski

et al. 2013

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…In particular, a 4-channel Cherenkov probe with diamond radiators has been designed especially for TORE-SUPRA experiment in Cadarache [15]. Some results are presented in Fig.…”

Section: Studies Of Fast Ripple-born and Runaway Electronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected methods of electron-and ion-diagnostics in tokamak scrape-off-layer

Sadowski

2015

Nukleonika

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Abstract. This invited paper considers reasons why exact measurements of fast electron and ion losses in tokamaks, and particularly i n a scrape-off-layer and near a divertor region, are necessary in order to master nuclear fusion energy production. Attention is also paid to direct measurements of escaping fusion products from D-D and D-T reactions, and in particular of fast alphas which might be used for plasma heating. The second part describes the generation of so-called runaway and ripple-born electrons which might induce high energy losses and cause severe damages of internal walls in fusion facilities. Advantages and disadvantages of different diagnostic methods applied for studies of such fast electrons are discussed. Particular attention is paid to development of a direct measuring technique based on the Cherenkov effect which might be induced by fast electrons in appropriate radiators. There are presented various versions of Cherenkov-type probes which have been developed by the NCBJ team and applied in different tokamak experiments. The third part is devoted to direct measurements of fast ions (including those produced by the nuclear fusion reactions) which can escape from a high-temperature plasma region. Investigation of fast fusion-produced protons from tokamak discharges is reported. New ion probes, which were developed by the NCBJ team, are also presented. For the fi rst time there is given a detailed description of an ion pinhole camera, which enables irradiation of several nuclear track detectors during a single tokamak discharge, and a miniature Thomson-type mass-spectrometer, which can be used for ion measurements at plasma borders.

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“…In a high temperature tokamak, electron fluxes can be obtained by measuring the Cerenkov radiation generated from some crystals. (7) Also, in radiotherapy dosimetry, it is possible to measure the relative depth of doses for proton beams without ionization quenching by measuring the intensity of Cerenkov radiation. (8) Therefore, Cerenkov radiation generated in radiators can be a significant signal under conditions of hazardous radiation.…”

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Calculation of Thermal Neutron Induced Electron Fluxes Generated in a Fiber-Optic Cerenkov Radiation Sensor Using Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code

2016

Sensors and Materials

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The purpose of this research is to develop a fiber-optic Cerenkov radiation sensor (FOCRS) for detecting thermal neutrons in mixed radiation fields. Thus, we designed a probe for FOCRS to detect thermal neutrons and background gamma rays using a Gd-157 foil and rutile crystal. A probe for a reference sensor to detect gamma rays was also designed with a rutile crystal. To clarify the relationship between electron fluxes and intensities of Cerenkov radiation, the electron fluxes inducing Cerenkov radiation in the probes of FOCRS and the reference sensor were calculated using Monte Carlo N-particle transport code (MCNPX) simulations.

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Cherenkov-type diamond detectors for measurements of fast electrons in the TORE-SUPRA tokamak

Cited by 34 publications

References 9 publications

Note: Measurements of fast electrons in the TORE-SUPRA tokamak by means of modified Cherenkov-type diamond detector

Note: Measurements of fast electrons in the TORE-SUPRA tokamak by means of modified Cherenkov-type diamond detector

Selected methods of electron-and ion-diagnostics in tokamak scrape-off-layer

Calculation of Thermal Neutron Induced Electron Fluxes Generated in a Fiber-Optic Cerenkov Radiation Sensor Using Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code

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