Chemotherapy with or without autologous cytokine-induced killer cell transfusion as the first-line treatment for stage IV gastrointestinal cancer: a phase II clinical trial

Cytokine‑induced killer cells/natural killer cells combined with anti‑GD2 monoclonal antibody increase cell death rate in neuroblastoma SK‑N‑SH cells

“…The killing effect of CIK cells on tumor cells is mainly via expression of LFA-1, which specifically binds to ICAM-1 (CD54) on the surface of tumor cells, resulting in the secretion of benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzyl ester esterase (granzyme A) that can penetrate the cell membrane and lead to tumor cell death (50). However, previous experiments have demonstrated that the efficacy of CIK/NK cells alone for the treatment of patients with high-risk stage IV NB is limited (51). This is due to the large amount of complement fragments produced by anti-GD2 antibodies during the killing of NB tumor cells, which can cause severe pain (52).…”

Clinical Applications of Combined Immunotherapy Approaches in Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Case-Based Review

“…Numerically longer PFS and OS rates were achieved with the combination despite failure to show a significant difference (PFS: 5.6 vs. 3.8 months, p: 0.06; OS: 13.9 vs. 11 months in combined versus chemotherapy arms, respectively). Although the CD8 (+) ratio was not different, patients in the combined arm showed an improved humoral immune response with increased NK, and CD4 (+) helper T cells [95]. In a prospective phase II trial by Zhao et al [96] 122 patients were randomized to autologous CIK cells combined with chemotherapy or to chemotherapy alone.…”

Cytokine-induced killer cells mediated pathways in the treatment of colorectal cancer

“…There was no significant change in the aforementioned serum tumor marker levels in the control group. No severe CIK-related toxicity was observed, and the most common side effect of CIK was fever [ 13 ].…”

“…OS rates of CRC patients in the study and control groups were 75% and 15%, respectively. OS and DFS were prolonged significantly in the DC-CIK therapy group ( P < 0.01) Fever was the most common side effect of DC-CIK therapy Xu [ 13 ] 2016 IV Phase II clinical trial 12 16 (6 CRC patients) 17 (6 CRC patients) CIK cell infusions on days 14 and 16 of the first and second chemotherapy cycles + Chemotherapy with Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin (CAPOX) Chemotherapy with XELOX The ORR and DCR were higher in the study group (ORR: 25% vs. 5.9%; DCR: 62.5% vs. 58.8%). The median PFS and OS were prolonged in the CIK group (5.6 and 13.9 months vs. 3.83 and 11 months, respectively), however, they were not significant (PFS: P = 0.06; OS: P = 0.27) No severe CIK-related toxicity was observed.…”