Chemotaxonomic study ofChrysobalanus icacoLinnaeus (Chrysobalanaceae) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection fingerprint in combination with multivariate analysis

Abstract

We investigated a strategy for the chemotaxonomy study of Chrysobalanus icaco Linnaeus (Chrysobalanaceae) based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection fingerprint in combination with multivariate analysis. Two models using principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were developed, and the samples could be successfully classified into two classes: Class 1 (red morphotype) and Class 2 (white and black morphotypes). Furthermore, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the main compounds responsible for class separation. The partial least squares discriminant analysis model accurately classified the C. icaco samples using an external validation subset with prediction ability of 100% and revealed the existence of two chemotypes. The most important finding obtained in this study is that the three morphotypes distinguished by the mature fruit color (white, red, and black) are not all phytoequivalent to each other.

Photoprotective Activity of Plants Used for Skin Disorders by the Native Population from the Brazilian Amazon Basin: A Preliminary Study

“…[15,32,33] Previous studies reported the correlation between antioxidant activity and the concentrations of phenolic compounds in plants. [24,31,[32][33][34] C. icaco and K. pinnata have phenolic compounds, with a similar concentration of flavonoids, which corroborate other studies, [13,14,34,35] but A. triplinervis contains polyphenols, with low concentrations of flavonoids, but with elevated levels of coumarins, which have as precursors the phenolic compounds, [15,16,36] which justifies the high IC 50 when compared with other plants studied. However, A. triplinervis has antioxidant activity in vivo, characterized by increased levels of reduced glutathione and in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, accompanied by decreased lipid peroxidation.…”

“…These plant species have antioxidant activity that probably contributes to preventing oxidative damage produced by solar radiation. [13][14][15][16] However, no studies assessed in these plants the parameters of photoprotection, the ability to regulate the activity of tyrosinase enzyme, and the cytotoxicity in different skin cells.…”