Chemopreventive and immunomodulatory effects of Murraya koenigii aqueous extract on 4T1 breast cancer cell-challenged mice

Abstract

BackgroundThe progression of breast cancer is increasing at an alarming rate, particularly in western countries. Meanwhile, the lower incidence in Asian countries could be attributed to the heavy incorporation of green leaves vegetables or spices in their diets. Murraya koenigii (MK) or often times known as curry leaves are common spice used mostly in tropical countries. Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects of MK aqueous extract on 4T1 breast cancer cell-challenged mice were evaluated.MethodsHerein, cytotoxic activity of MK was first tested on 4T1 cells in vitroby MTT assay. Then, in vivo chemopreventive study was conducted where mice were fed with extracts prior to and after inducing the tumor (inoculation). Tumor size was monitored post-4T1 inoculation. At the end of experiment, histopathology of tumor sections, T cell immunophenotyping, tumor nitric oxide level, serum cytokine level and qPCR analysis on expression of iNOS, iCAM, NF-kB and c-MYC were performed.ResultsMK reduced the tumors’ size and lung metastasis aside from inhibited the viability of 4T1 cells in vitro. Furthermore, it decreased the level of nitric oxide and inflammation-related cytokines and genes, including iNOS, iCAM, NF-kB and c-MYC.ConclusionThe results propose that, MK managed to inhibit the progression of tumor via immunostimulatory effect and inflammatory reaction within the tumor samples. This suggests that MKconsumption could be a savior in the search of new chemopreventive agents.

Design and characterization of camptothecin gel for treatment of epidermoid carcinoma

“…This represents growing public concern [3]. In recent years, utilization of herbal medicines along with its active constituents to treat cancer tremendously increased due to lesser side effects [4]. Phytoconstituents which are present in herbal drugs were prominently utilized in cancer treatment due to its multimolecular target action.…”

Medicinal Profile, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities of Murraya koenigii and its Primary Bioactive Compounds

“…These results established the potential of M. koenigii as an anticancer agent in vitro [11]. Additional evidence for the anticancer activity of M. koenigii has been obtained from rodent cancer cell lines, as well as different in vivo cancer models [12][13][14][22][23][24]114,115]. In an early study, histopathological evidence showed that M. koenigii extract treatment generated a decline in neoplasms in the colon [85].…”

“…An M. koenigii ethanol extract exhibited significant synergistic antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG) in combination with the anti-tuberculosis drug rifampicin [106]. Three extracts of M. koenigii exhibited were very active, with values of <1 µg/mL to 2.25 µg/mL, and were thus proved to be potent cytotoxic activity agents against HeLa cancer cells [11] Anti-inflammatory Girinimbine, supplementation specifically, resulted in the induction of apoptosis, the inhibition of inflammation, and a significant increase in cell numbers in the G0/G1 phase [85] Anticancer (Breast) Leaves Aqueous − Female BALB/c mice M. koenigii aqueous extract has potential for cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects and delays rather than inhibits tumor formation [12] Neuroprotective Leaves Methanol − Male albino mice M. koenigii is effective in attenuating memory impairment and oxidative stress and prevents abnormal oral movements [36] Neuroprotective Leaves Ethanol − Swiss albino mice M. koenigii supplementation resulted in an improvement of acetylcholine (ACh) and reduction in acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In addition, a significant elevation of serum biomarkers, and decline in creatinine, total cholesterol, urea nitrogen, and glucose levels, ameliorated the hepatic and renal functions in the normal ageing process…”

“…Different parts of M. koenigii, such as its leaves, root, bark, and fruit, are known to promote various biological activities. Aromatic bioactive constituents in the leaves of M. koenigii retain their flavor and other qualities, even after drying [9][10][11][12][13][14]. M. koenigii leaves are slightly bitter in taste, pungent in smell, and weakly acidic.…”

Potency ofMurraya koenigiiLeaves as Anti-Cancer Mammary in 7,12 dimethylbenz(α) anthracene (DMBA) induced-Sprague Dawley Rats

“…Curry leaf extract has the potential as anti-inflammation with an inflammatory inhibitory activity percentage of 57.42 -60 % and can inhibit tumor cell proliferation [13]. Research by [15] showed that curry leaf extract has a chemo-preventive ability on BALB/c mice by showing inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect which increases immunity, postponing the creation of mammary cancer and caused cytotoxicity. [6], alkaloid compound girinimbine contained in curry leaf can induce apoptosis in zebrafish embryo and mice with peritonitis.…”