Chemoprevention of Melanoma: An Unexplored Strategy

Demierre, Marie‐France; Nathanson, Larry

doi:10.1200/jco.2003.07.173

Cited by 63 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…After breast cancer in premenopausal women (ages 30-34 years), it also exhibits the fastest rate of increase in incidence in the United States, whereas rates for many other cancers are decreasing (16). The skin is chronically exposed to both endogenous and environmental pro-oxidative agents, such as UV radiation, a well-known initiator and promoter of nonmelanoma skin cancers (17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in the expression of the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 (APE/Ref-1) in human melanoma and identification of the therapeutic potential of resveratrol as an APE/Ref-1 inhibitor

Yang

Irani

Heffron

et al. 2005

Molecular Cancer Therapeutics

131

110

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in the expression of the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 (APE/Ref-1) in human melanoma and identification of the therapeutic potential of resveratrol as an APE/Ref-1 inhibitor

Yang

Irani

Heffron

et al. 2005

Molecular Cancer Therapeutics

131

110

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“…Recently, the prospects for chemoprevention of human melanoma have been reviewed (44); most of the interventions proposed were based on generalized observations of signaling alterations and lacked a specific etiologic or pathogenic rational. We propose that focusing on the earliest stages of pathogenesis in the context of a hypothesis with a logical mechanistic basis may be more productive when the mutational damage to the melanocyte is minimal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiologic Pathogenesis of Melanoma

Meyskens¹,

Farmer

Anton‐Culver³

2004

Clinical Cancer Research

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Melanoma is the eighth most common malignancy in the United States and has shown rapid increases in its incidence rate over the past two decades, especially in early-stage disease (1)(2)(3)(4). A recent analysis of data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program indicates that the incidence of melanoma increases with age, with somewhat different patterns in men and women (3). Genetic and environmental interactions clearly play a role in melanoma and may explain in part the variations in age-specific incidence rates and the differences between the rates in men and women.The etiology of malignant melanoma has been attributed to a great extent to the role of UV light exposure as the most important risk factor for melanoma in those with phenotypic susceptibility (5-10). The increase in the risk of melanoma by age has also been attributed to exposure to environmental agents in addition to UV light where the onset of melanoma depends on latency periods between the onset of environmental exposure and tumor occurrence and multiple other factors. Most epidemiological studies are examining the effect of known risk factors identified and quantified through case-control and association studies. However, the epidemiological studies usually do not measure effectively synergism between two or more possible etiologic factors in gene/environment and gene/gene studies and provide very little information regarding mechanisms of disease etiology.The pathogenesis of human melanocyte transformation remains incompletely understood. Many non-UV-related factors have been proposed as contributing to the risk of melanoma, but no coherent etiologic picture has emerged (10, 11). Most notably and relevant to our proposal is that many epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of melanoma in many occupations associated with the electronic and chemical industries (12-16). We propose that the attributable risk not explained by UV light exposure or genetic risk can largely be understood by using a model that proposes that increases in reactive oxygen species are central to the pathogenesis of melanocyte transformation and melanoma progression (Fig. 1). We review here our studies and those of others that suggest that changes in the melanin from antioxidant to pro-oxidant are a critical early pathogenic event. We further discuss the consequences of this alteration for the melanocyte, how such changes may explain most of the epidemiological observations that have been postulated as exogenous risk factors for melanoma, and the consequences of these modulations for the (chemo) prevention and possible treatment of human melanoma.A unique biological feature of the melanocyte is its production of melanin, a molecule with a diversity of complex redox and free-radical properties and interactions, including an interaction with oxygen (17, 18). Over the past five years we have performed a series of experiments that have led us to postulate that redox-recycling of melanin and its precursors is an etiologically important and possibly...

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“…Chemoprevention in breast cancer originally referred to the use of natural or synthetic compounds to reverse, suppress, or prevent molecular or histologic premalignant lesions from progressing to invasive cancer [1]. The idea of chemoprevention derives from our understanding of multistep carcinogenesis, in which there is a gradual but noticeable accumulation of both genotypic and phenotypic alterations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches in the Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer

Kelly¹

2013

J Cancer Sci Ther

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Nanotechnology in bioscience and therapeutics has advanced tremendously in this decade. Many nanoparticle formulations as well as passive and active targeted agents have been developed and proved effective preclinically in proof-of-concept models of different cancers.Many of these formulations use polymer nanoparticles, liposomes, bubkyballs, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, isotope tags, and PEG compounds. In effect, nanoparticle formulations have become the norm in chemoprevention. In this paper we review nanoformulations of bioactive compounds that have been tested for their potential mechanistic antiproliferative activity in breast cancer. We also discuss the possibility of enhancing the activity of these compounds using different innovative bioconjugation methods. Citation: Dileep KV, Kelly M, Hardin E, Sadasivan C, Nair HB (2013) Approaches in the Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer. J Cancer Sci Ther 5: 282-288. doi:10.4172/1948-5956.1000217 Volume 5 number of bound reporter metal atoms per vesicle and decrease dosage without compromising signal intensity. Adding specific targeted moieties to the liposomes also could improve the targeting of contrast agents designed for breast cancer imaging. Another research group has recently reported monoclonal antibody to 2C5 (mAb2C5) that can specifically detect tumor cells, leaving the normal cells behind [9]. It is claimed that these liposomes are capable of specifically delivering diagnostic moieties to various tumors with short image acquisition time. Another group has showed PEGylated immunoliposomes labeled with 99 Tc, surface conjugated with F fragment of GAH mAb, could target human gastric cancer in a murine model [10]. Some other studies investigating immunotargeted liposomes for MR imaging enhanced their contrast using gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-complex) [11]. MRI signal amplification is also achieved by combining PAP and Gd moietiesin mAb2C5-modified antibodies [12]. Superior in vivo tumor accumulation of mAb2C5 in mouse models of murine Lewis lung carcinoma has been achieved by modified PAP-containing pegylated liposomes, enabling faster detection of the solid tumors [13]. Use of primary and secondary antibodies for increasing the contrast has also been tested. Typically in this inverse imaging technique, patients will receive first antitumor antibody systemically for tumor imaging. This is followed by a second antibody, encapsulated in liposomes directed against the first antibody, which enhances reticuloendothelial (RES) clearance of the first antibody, enabling distinction between normal and tumor tissues [14]. This technology has stability issues with its secondary antibody and needs to be further refined for clinical diagnostic use. Approaches in the Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer Journal ofQuantum dots: Quantum dots (QD) became powerful tools to improve molecular imaging and diagnostics as a result of their unique photophysical properties [15][16][17]. The unique features of QD are resistance to photo bleaching high signal ...

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Chemoprevention of Melanoma: An Unexplored Strategy

Cited by 63 publications

References 74 publications

Alterations in the expression of the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 (APE/Ref-1) in human melanoma and identification of the therapeutic potential of resveratrol as an APE/Ref-1 inhibitor

Alterations in the expression of the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 (APE/Ref-1) in human melanoma and identification of the therapeutic potential of resveratrol as an APE/Ref-1 inhibitor

Etiologic Pathogenesis of Melanoma

Approaches in the Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer

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