Chemoprevention

Greenwald, DrPH Peter; Kelloff, Gary J.; Burch-Whitman, Cynthia; Kramer, M

doi:10.3322/canjclin.45.1.31

Cited by 97 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…[5][6][7][8] Epidemiologic studies of the effects of tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer 9 and finasteride for prostate hypertrophy 10 have led to the launching of randomized clinical trials for these medications as described by Greenwald et al 3 Although randomized clinical trials are only initiated when epidemiologic and laboratory evidence provide reasonable evidence of the efficacy of a substance in reducing cancer risk, the trials do not always result in a confirmation of the hypothesis. For example, the Finnish trial of vitamin E and ␤-carotene supplementation among cigarette smokers, designed to confirm the epidemiologic findings of risk reduction of lung cancer associated with consumption of these nutriments, resulted in no reduction in lung cancer risk in men who had vitamin E added to their diet compared with a control group and an increase of 18 percent in risk for those whose diets were supplemented by ␤-carotene.…”

Section: Perspectives On Cancer Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As detailed by Greenwald et al in this issue of CA, more than 25 agents are being tested in randomized clinical trials in the United States and other countries. 3 These clinical trials (some lasting as long as seven years) are only instituted after a rigid protocol has been completed that involves identifying promising substances that may reduce risk; testing safety and dosages; and developing biomarkers to establish intermediate points of efficacy.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Perspectives on cancer prevention

Garfinkel

1995

CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians

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Section: Perspectives On Cancer Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on cancer prevention

Garfinkel

1995

CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians

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“…Knowledge of chemoprevention science and its application in clinical studies has been growing rapidly over the past decade, as has been documented in reviews of the field prepared by us and by others (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). This paper serves as an update and brief commentary on the status and various aspects of chemoprevention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Perspectives in cancer chemoprevention.

Stoner

Morse

Kelloff

1997

Environ Health Perspect

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Cancer chemoprevention can be defined as prevention of cancer by the administration of one or more chemical entities, either as individual drugs or as naturally occurring constituents of the diet. Based largely on the time period that chemopreventive agents exhibit activity in animal models of carcinogenesis, they can be classified as inhibitors of carcinogen formation, blocking agents, and suppressing agents. The majority of compounds that inhibit the formation of carcinogens prevent the formation of nitrosamines from secondary amines and nitrite in an acidic environment. Blocking agents are inhibitors of tumor initiation, while suppressing agents are inhibitors of tumor promotion/progression. Many well-characterized chemopreventive agents act at one or more steps in both tumor initiation and promotion/progression. The objective of this paper is to provide a general discussion of the mechanisms through which chemopreventive agents inhibit carcinogenesis. Examples of agents that act through these mechanisms are given; however, a complete listing of effective chemopreventive agents is not possible within the context of this paper. At the conclusion is a brief discussion of future prospects in cancer chemoprevention and obstacles to overcome. Environ Health Perspect 1 05(Suppl 4): 945-954 (1997)

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“…The work needs to be completed prior to drawing conclusions, but existing data suggest acceptable dose regimens could be devised, and it seems likely that FDA approval would follow. 7. Occurrence of the agent in foods or beverages.…”

Section: Efficacy In Preventing Cancer Resveratrol Has Beenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resveratrol as an Inhibitor of Carcinogenesis

Pezzuto

2008

Pharmaceutical Biology

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Given the high probability of developing cancer over the period of a normal life span, cancer chemoprevention provides an attractive therapeutic strategy for the delay or reversal of this process. A variety of phytochemicals, such as sulfides, isothiocyanates, glucosinolates, flavonoids, carotenoids, phenols, and diarylhepanoids, are known to mediate chemopreventive responses. Resveratrol, a ubiquitous stilbene found in the diet of human beings (e.g., as a component of grapes and wine), was uncovered by bioassay-guided fractionation and found to mediate cancer chemopreventive activity in a murine model with mechanisms involving various stages of the carcinogenic process. This work spurred a myriad of studies that are summarized in this article. As demonstrated with in vitro and cell culture models, resveratrol functions through a plethora of mechanisms, which can vary from model to model. Results from differential gene expression studies are daunting. Irrespective of the precise mechanism, however, efficacy has been demonstrated in some animal models, and a critical evaluation of resveratrol data relative to the characteristics of a promising cancer chemopreventive agent leads to favorable consideration. Animal studies have shown cancer inhibitory activity in a number of models, including adenoma, skin, breast, colon, esophagus, glioma, intestinal, liver, and neuroblastoma. Biomarkers are known, and ample quantities of compound can be produced. Dietary administration is feasible. Several small-scale human trials are under way, and human intervention trials may follow. As learned by past experience, data from these trials are necessary prior to drawing any conclusions, but the current cancer chemopreventive profile of resveratrol provides promise for widespread use in the future. Accepted: April 7, 2008. 1 This review has been revised, expanded, and updated from a previous chapter (see. Ref. 1) on the same subject.2 Due to the unique nature of this review, the format is atypical. The references are presented by number, rather than by author name and year, and the tables are presented at the end of the text, as they are so extensive.

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Chemoprevention

Cited by 97 publications

References 50 publications

Perspectives on cancer prevention

Perspectives on cancer prevention

Perspectives in cancer chemoprevention.

Resveratrol as an Inhibitor of Carcinogenesis

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