Chemometric evaluation of different parameters for removal of tembotrione (agricultural herbicide) from water by adsorption and photocatalytic degradation using sustainable nanotechnology

Abstract

Fractional multivariate design of experiments with seven factors was used to chemometrically evaluate adsorption of tembotrione on the surface of catalyst, efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of tembotrione, and removal efficiency. For adsorption, the experiments revealed two significant main effects (loading of TiO2 and concentration of KBrO3) and two interactions (loading of TiO2 × purging of O2 and loading of TiO2 × stirring during and 5 min before irradiation). Model for efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of tembotrione revealed three significant main effects (concentration of KBrO3, purging of O2, and stirring during and 5 min before irradiation), while overall removal efficiency had four significant main effects (concentration of KBrO3, purging of O2, loading of TiO2, and stirring during and 5 min before irradiation) and one two factor interaction (loading of TiO2 × concentration of KBrO3). The optimal removal yield of tembotrione was 99.5% with TiO2 loading of 1.25 mg/ml, KBrO3 concentration of 4.33 mM, β‐cyclodextrin with Au in the ratio 2:1, 3 ml/min O2 purging, and stirring before and during irradiation. The effect of tert‐butanol, NaF, EDTA × 2Na, and p‐benzoquinone on the tembotrione removal under optimal experimental conditions suggested that the relative contribution of various reactive species changed in following order: O2∙‐ ˃ ●OHads ˃ h+ ˃ ●OHfree.

Advancing Wastewater Treatment: A Comparative Study of Photocatalysis, Sonophotolysis, and Sonophotocatalysis for Organics Removal

“…Basically, ultrasound can be divided into three groups by intensity: low (20-100 kHz); medium (200-1000 kHz); and high (5000-10,000 kHz). In general, high-intensity US waves that come into contact with gases dissolved in liquid medium encourage acoustic cavitation, i.e., the Heterogeneous photocatalysis with different photoactive materials can be efficiently employed in the removal of selected emerging organics, such as pharmaceutically active ingredients [22][23][24][25]49,50], pesticides [51][52][53][54][55], dyes [56][57][58], etc., from aquatic environments using simulated solar irradiation (SSI) or UV irradiation. Heterogeneous photocatalysis, while offering several advantages in environmental remediation and pollutant degradation, also comes with certain disadvantages: limited light absorption [59], catalyst recycling and separation challenges [60], surface recombination of charge carriers [61], potential toxicity of byproducts [62], and catalyst stability and durability [63].…”