Chemo-Rheological Study of Hardening of Epoxy Modified Bituminous Binders with the Finite Element Method

Apostolidis, Panos; Liu, X.; Kasbergen, Cor; Ven, M.F.C. Van de; Pipintakos, Georgios; Scarpas, A.

doi:10.1177/0361198118781377

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The material is not fully hardened at the temperature range between 80 and 120°C, but it is possibly completely hardened when temperatures above 140°C are imposed. A similar observation has been seen in previous research (3) in which the viscosity evolution was studied focusing mainly of the chemical and physical parameters that affect the polymeric network formation.…”

Section: Model Implementationsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…As mentioned in a previous study (3), the continuous monitoring of reacting epoxy asphalt systems is of significant importance to understand what happens during and after the manufacturing process of epoxy-modified asphalt mixes. According to past experience, the epoxy asphalt mix needs a mixing temperature of 110-120°C and a time available of 57-94 min for transport from the production plant to field (1,2).…”

Section: Model Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modification of asphalt binders with epoxy resins has been recognized as one of the most promising technologies to address the above-mentioned issues and to produce materials with enhanced performance. The benefits of epoxy modification have been reported (1,2) and the influence of chemical hardening (curing) on material performance has been elucidated in earlier research (3). However, as the chemistry of epoxy asphalt binder hardening is very complex, it is of great importance to understand the chemical hardening phenomena and to link them with the evolution of physico-mechanical properties in epoxy asphalt systems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetic Viscoelasticity of Crosslinking Epoxy Asphalt

Apostolidis

Liu

Ven

et al. 2019

Transportation Research Record

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Epoxy modification of asphalt binders has been recognized as a very effective technology to alter the chemistry of asphaltic materials in such a way that long-lasting pavement structures can be designed. However, the phenomena that are involved to build up the physico-mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt systems are still unknown. The focus of this paper is on understanding the link between chemistry and the mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt binders during the thermo-irreversible process of chemical hardening. For this purpose, a constitutive model for predicting the evolution of cure-induced stresses in epoxy asphalt binders is proposed, and an experimental program was developed to determine the model parameters. The cure dependency of physico-mechanical parameters of modified binder was obtained and imported into the model to simulate the build-up of material properties during (non-)isothermal hardening of epoxy asphalt binder. The model is implemented in a commercially finite element tool by coupling the chemical, thermal, and mechanical phenomena with multi-physics strategies, and the results are analyzed to identify the influence of different heating conditions on the crosslinking density and subsequently on stress build-up. It was found that the amount of stress build-up during curing was strongly dependent on the heating conditions, and a higher rate of stress build-up was observed at higher applied temperatures. In other words, the processing conditions during in-plant material production or in-field manufacturing of structures made by epoxy asphalt systems affect the material hardening and subsequently the desired functionalities of pavement structures.

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Section: Model Implementationsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Model Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetic Viscoelasticity of Crosslinking Epoxy Asphalt

Apostolidis

Liu

Ven

et al. 2019

Transportation Research Record

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“…To simulate in-field aging of a material with long-lasting characteristics, as EBFs, which can have last two or more times longer than a typical asphalt pavement it is suggested to extend the time periods in PAV. For this reason, samples were subjected to PAVaging (NEN-EN 14769) for 20, 40 and 80 h. To be full cured before PAV-aging, the mastics have been conditioned in an oven for 8 h at 130°C to ensure that the epoxy network was crosslinked (reached the gel point [35]) and to avoid any uncontrolled polymerization reaction in PAV due to the high pressure.…”

Section: Chemical Compositional and Rheology Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of epoxy modification in asphalt mastic

et al. 2020

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In-depth understanding of the synergetic effect between the various incorporating constituents in asphalt binders (e.g., polymers, fillers) is needed to design durable paving materials with desired properties. In this research, the focus was first on the effect of the reactivity of fillers on the evolution of adhesive strength between stone aggregates and epoxy modified asphalt mastics during the epoxy polymerization. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on different combinations of fillers and binders with and without the epoxy-based polymer, and at different modification levels. Based on the results of the tensile tests, the increase of the adhesive strength of mastic with aggregates was generally lower when reactive filler particles (i.e., hydrated lime) were added than of epoxy binders with non-reactive filler. In other words, the non-reactive fillers did not influence the adhesion process and were thus selected for the next step studies on aging. The chemo-mechanical changes of epoxy modified asphalt mastics were analysed after pressure aging vessel and oven-conditioning after various aging times by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic shear rheometer. Less sulfoxides formed and higher modulus levels were measured with increasing the epoxy polymer in mastics over oven- and PAV-aging conditions. Due to the pressure difference, the rate of modulus increases and phase angle decrease was higher when the materials were conditioned in PAV than in oven.

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“…Apostolidis et al [16] evaluated the mechanical response of epoxy asphalt binders through numerical analysis. The results show that lower levels of activation energy increase the degree of hardening and the rate of viscosity development, and the polymerization rate of the epoxy asphalt binders is highly dependent on the temperature under various (non-) isothermal conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on the Micromorphology and Strength Formation Mechanism of Epoxy Asphalt During the Curing Reaction

Xu¹,

Zhuang²,

Chen³

et al. 2020

Applied Sciences

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The micromorphological changes and the strength formation mechanism of the curing of epoxy asphalt, which is mostly used for steel bridge deck pavements, were investigated. A tensile test was used to analyze the mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the change in the epoxy peak area. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to observe two-dimensional and three-dimensional micromorphological changes, respectively, during the curing reaction of epoxy asphalt. The results of the tensile and FTIR tests on epoxy asphalt showed that the tensile strength and epoxy conversion rate both increased with the curing time and exhibited similar trends, indicating that the network formed by the crosslinking and polymerization of epoxy groups causes the increased strength of epoxy asphalt. The curing degree of epoxy asphalt during the curing reaction can be indirectly evaluated from the conversion rate of epoxy groups. The asphalt tended to evenly be dispersed in the continuous phase of the epoxy resin during the formation of the epoxy resin network, and the network structure increased the deformation of the epoxy resin. The epoxy asphalt curing reaction process was classified into three stages based on the degree of curing.

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Chemo-Rheological Study of Hardening of Epoxy Modified Bituminous Binders with the Finite Element Method

Cited by 34 publications

References 26 publications

Kinetic Viscoelasticity of Crosslinking Epoxy Asphalt

Kinetic Viscoelasticity of Crosslinking Epoxy Asphalt

Evaluation of epoxy modification in asphalt mastic

Experimental Study on the Micromorphology and Strength Formation Mechanism of Epoxy Asphalt During the Curing Reaction

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