Chemo-mapping and biochemical-modulatory and antioxidant/prooxidant effect of Galium verum extract during acute restraint and dark stress in female rats

Abstract

Galium verum is a well-known medicinal plant which is used in various pathologies. G. verum extracts are characterized here using chromatography, where among the rich pool of phenolic acids of flavonoids two known anti-stress modulators, chlorogenic acid and rutin are identified in high quantities. Additionally, the extracts are characterized using a series of in vitro assays (EPR, DPPH, TPC and TEAC). Considering the chemical findings, the potential beneficial effects of the G. verum extract are explored here in a living organism exposed to stress induced oxidative damages. Thus, the biochemical-modulatory and antioxidant roles of two doses of G. verum extract are examined in animals exposed to acute restraint and dark stress (S). The animals were divided in groups [control, S, SG1 (exposed to 25 mg G. verum extract), SG2 (50 mg extract)]. Increased levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS from 4.43 to 8.06 nmol/mL), corticosterone from 0.43 to 1.96 μg/dL and epinephrine from 44.43 to 126.7 μg/mL, as well as decreased antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD/CAT) were observed in the S group. The G. verum extract afforded a near-normal equilibrium within the biochemical parameters of animals exposed to RS, by reducing oxidative damage (TBARS at a 3.73 nmol/mL; CS at 0.90 μg/dL; EP at 63.72 μg/mL) and by restoring the antioxidant balance.

Remarkable rutin-rich Hypericum capitatum extract exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on turpentine oil-induced inflammation in rats

“…This extract works efficiently by quenching reactive free radicals [38, 39]. Protein thiol groups are involved in plasma antioxidant reactivities well as in signaling and antioxidant defense and catalysis [40].…”

THE EFFECT OF EXTRACTION METHODS ON ANTIOXIDANT AND ENZYME INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF Galium aparine L.

“…Several in vitro studies have reported the antioxidant potential of G. aparine (Lindsey et al 2002, Bokhari et al 2013. Extracts from the seeds of the G. aparine also have therapeutic effects due to their phytochemical activity (Farcas et al 2018). Since the extraction method used changes the phytochemical component of the extract, it also changes the antioxidant or antidiabetic activity.…”

In Vivo Pharmacological and Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of Xerophyte Plantago sempervirens Crantz

“…80% of the chromatographic area, the four most intense peaks) belong to the cinnamic acid group which present a distinct UV-vis spectrum profile. The assignment of each peak spectrum was also checked using the built-in software (Agilent ChemStation) of the HPLC chromatograph using a house-built-in data base of tens of polyphenolic standards [30]. For this purpose, a score of spectral similarity higher than 90% for any compound (with a given standard) from those three classes was an indication that the tested compound does belong to a certain class.…”

“…Moreover, the oxidative-inflammatory reactions are strongly correlated with the activity of antioxidant enzymes [54]. There are reports that revealed correlations between the level of ROS and the decreased concentrations of antioxidants that lead to the inactivation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD and CAT [15, 30, 55]. In maintaining the proper physiological conditions, those endogenous enzymes play a key role by defending the cells against reactive species.…”