Chemistry, Properties, and Uses of Commercial Fluorinated Surfactants

Buck, Robert C.; Murphy, Peter M.; Pabon, Martial

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21872-9_1

Cited by 55 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The combination of the hydrophobic fluorocarbon chain and the hydrophilic head group gives repellency toward both water and oils (Moody and Field, 2000). The strength of the carbon-fluorine bond contributes to the physicochemical properties of fluorinated surfactants, such as strong chemical and thermal stability, making them both industrially attractive and environmentally persistent (Buck et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated levels of PFOS and PFHxS in firefighters exposed to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)

Rotander

Toms

Aylward

et al. 2015

Environment International

156

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated levels of PFOS and PFHxS in firefighters exposed to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)

Rotander

Toms

Aylward

et al. 2015

Environment International

156

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“…PFAS are synthetically produced and used in numerous consumer products and for industrial purposes because of their unique physiochemical properties (Buck et al, 2012;Paul et al, 2008). They are detected globally in the environment and biota, where perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (or sulfonate) (PFOS) is the most concentrated PFAS (Kannan, 2011) due to chemical persistency and tendency to bioaccumulate and biomagnify (Conder et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of elevated dissolved carbon dioxide and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, given singly and in combination, on steroidogenic and biotransformation pathways of Atlantic cod

et al. 2014

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In the aquatic environments, the predicted changes in water temperature, pO2 and pCO2 could result in hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions in aquatic animals. These conditions are thought to affect several basic cellular and physiological mechanisms. Yet, possible adverse effects of elevated CO2 (hypercapnia) on teleost fish, as well as combined effects with emerging and legacy environmental contaminants are poorly investigated. In this study, juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were divided into groups and exposed to three different water bath PFOS exposure regimes (0 (control), 100 and 200 µg/L) for 5 days at 1hr/day, followed by three different CO2-levels (normocapnia, moderate (0.3%) and high (0.9%)). The moderate CO2 level is the predicted near future (within year 2300) level, while 0.9% represent severe hypercapnia. Tissue samples were collected at 3, 6 and 9 days after initiated CO2 exposure. Effects on the endocrine and biotransformation systems were examined by analyzing levels of sex steroid hormones (E2, T, 11-KT) and transcript expression of estrogen responsive genes (ERα, Vtg-α, Vtg-β, ZP2 and ZP3). In addition, transcripts for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (cyp1a and cyp3a) and hypoxiainducible factor (HIF-1α) were analyzed. Hypercapnia alone produced increased levels of sex steroid hormones (E2, T, 11-KT) with concomitant increase of estrogen responsive genes, while PFOS produced weak and time-dependent effects on E2-inducible gene transcription. Combined PFOS and hypercapnia exposure produced increased effects on sex steroid levels as observed for hypercapnia alone, with transcript expression patterns that are indicative of time-dependent interactive effects. Exposure to hypercapnia singly or in combination with PFOS produced modulations of the biotransformation and hypoxic responses that were apparently concentration and time-dependent. Loading plots of principal component analysis (PCA) produced a significant grouping of individual scores according to the exposure scenarios at day 6 and 9. Overall, the PCA analysis produced a unique clustering of variables that signifies a positive correlation between exposure to high PFOS concentration and expression of E2 responsive genes. Notably, this pattern was not evident for individuals exposed to PFOS concentrations in combination with elevated CO2 scenarios. To our knowledge, the present study is the first of its kind, to evaluate such effects using combined exposure to a perfluoroalkyl sulfonate and elevated levels of CO2 saturation, representative of future oceanic climate change, in any fish species or lower vertebrate.

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“…Pentafluoroethyl iodide (C 2 F 5 I) has high reaction activity as well as the extraordinary physical chemistry function, which makes it suitable for various applications, such as an intermediate for organic fluorine compounds, telogen for the telomerization of tetrafluoroethylene to long-chain perfluoroalkyl iodides, raw material of fluorinated surfactant, and fluorocarbon finishing agent [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density functional theory study of C2F5I synthesis over activated carbon catalyst

Xue

Yang

et al. 2015

J Mol Model

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Quantum chemistry calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) are carried out to investigate the reaction mechanism of C2F5I synthesis catalyzed by activated carbon. The possible adsorption configurations of fluorocarbon intermediates are analyzed carefully. Also, the related transition states and reaction pathway are analyzed. According to calculation, firstly, the dehydrofluorination of C2HF5, as the rate-determining step, is catalyzed by the carboxyl acid groups. Secondly, the tetrafluoroethylidene radicals disproportionate on graphite (001) surface instead of rearrangement or dimerization. Next, the fluorine abstractions between fluorocarbon intermediates over graphite (001) surfaces proceed successfully. Finally, the desorbed pentafluoroethyl abstracts iodine atom from molecular iodine spontaneously to afford C2F5I. In adition, our calculations reveal that the carbon deposit in experiment is caused by the fluorine abstraction from fluoroethinyl. The suggested mechanism corresponds with our calculations and available experiments.

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Chemistry, Properties, and Uses of Commercial Fluorinated Surfactants

Cited by 55 publications

References 40 publications

Elevated levels of PFOS and PFHxS in firefighters exposed to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)

Elevated levels of PFOS and PFHxS in firefighters exposed to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)

Effects of elevated dissolved carbon dioxide and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, given singly and in combination, on steroidogenic and biotransformation pathways of Atlantic cod

Density functional theory study of C2F5I synthesis over activated carbon catalyst

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