Chemistry of Glycosphingolipids

Hakomori, Sen‐itiroh

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0396-2_1

Cited by 73 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 526 publications

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“…Given that ERH1 is homologous to animal SMSs that convert ceramide to spingomyelin, the predominant sphingolipid in mammals (Hakomori, 1983), and that inhibition of SMS activities induces apoptosis (Meng et al, 2004;Ding et al, 2008), our finding that erh1 enhances RPW8-dependent cell death and resistance to powdery mildew in Arabidopsis further augments the notion that there may be a common mechanism in cell death regulation or execution in both plants and animals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

An Inositolphosphorylceramide Synthase Is Involved in Regulation of Plant Programmed Cell Death Associated with Defense inArabidopsis

et al. 2008

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The Arabidopsis thaliana resistance gene RPW8 triggers the hypersensitive response (HR) to restrict powdery mildew infection via the salicylic acid-dependent signaling pathway. To further understand how RPW8 signaling is regulated, we have conducted a genetic screen to identify mutations enhancing RPW8-mediated HR-like cell death (designated erh). Here, we report the isolation and characterization of the Arabidopsis erh1 mutant, in which the At2g37940 locus is knocked out by a T-DNA insertion. Loss of function of ERH1 results in salicylic acid accumulation, enhanced transcription of RPW8 and RPW8-dependent spontaneous HR-like cell death in leaf tissues, and reduction in plant stature. Sequence analysis suggests that ERH1 may encode the long-sought Arabidopsis functional homolog of yeast and protozoan inositolphosphorylceramide synthase (IPCS), which converts ceramide to inositolphosphorylceramide. Indeed, ERH1 is able to rescue the yeast aur1 mutant, which lacks the IPCS, and the erh1 mutant plants display reduced (;53% of wild type) levels of leaf IPCS activity, indicating that ERH1 encodes a plant IPCS. Consistent with its biochemical function, the erh1 mutation causes ceramide accumulation in plants expressing RPW8. These data reinforce the concept that sphingolipid metabolism (specifically, ceramide accumulation) plays an important role in modulating plant programmed cell death associated with defense.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

An Inositolphosphorylceramide Synthase Is Involved in Regulation of Plant Programmed Cell Death Associated with Defense inArabidopsis

et al. 2008

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“…PC from egg-yolk (Sigma), and SM from egg-yolk (Avanti Polar-Lipids Inc., Alabaster, AL) yielded a single spot on TLC (chloroform-methanolwater, 65:25:4, v/v/v, application of 200 g lipid). Acyl chain compositions as determined by gas-liquid chromatography (23) showed a preponderance of 16:0 acyl chains for egg yolk SM. As shown by reverse-phase HPLC, egg yolk PC contained mainly 16:0 acyl chains at the sn -1 position and mainly unsaturated (18:1 Ͼ 18:2 Ͼ 20:4) acyl chains at the sn -2 position, similar to phosphatidylcholine in human bile (12).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Incorporation of cholesterol in sphingomyelin- phosphatidylcholine vesicles has profound effects on detergent-induced phase transitions

Moschetta

Frederik

Portincasa

et al. 2002

Journal of Lipid Research

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“…Sphingolipids are ubiquitous eukaryotic membrane constituents with a hydrophobic segment (ceramide) consisting of a long-chain base (LCB; sphingosine in animals, phytosphingosine (PHS) in fungi and plants) that is N fatty acylated and linked to various polar head groups, hundreds of which have been described (7). The polar head groups of certain fungal and plant sphingolipids are distinguished from those of animals in that they contain inositol, which is phosphodiester linked to ceramide, with the inositol further decorated with polar substituents (1,13,26,29).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sphingolipid long-chain-base auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: genetics, physiology, and a method for their selection

et al. 1992

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A selection method for sphingolipid long-chain-base auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was devised after observing that strains that require a long-chain base for growth become denser when starved for this substance. Genetic analysis of over 60 such strains indicated only two complementation classes, kcbl and kb2. Mutant strains from each class grew equally well with 3-ketodihydrosphingosine, erythrodihydrosphingosine or threodihydrosphingosine, or phytosphingosine. Since these metabolites represent the first, second, and last components, respectively, of the long-chain-base biosynthetic pathway, it is likely that the LCBJ and LCB2 genes are involved in the first step of long-chain-base synthesis. The results of long-chain-base starvation in the Lcb-strains suggest that one or more sphingolipids have a vital role in S. cerevisiae. Immediate sequelae of long-chain-base starvation were loss of viability, exacerbated in the presence of ao-cyclodextrin, and loss of phosphoinositol sphingolipid synthesis but not phosphatidylinositol synthesis. Loss of viability with long-chainbase starvation could be prevented by also blocking either protein or nucleic acid synthesis. Without a long-chain-base, cell division, dry mass accumulation, and protein synthesis continued at a diminished rate and were further inhibited by the detergent Tergitol. The cell density increase induced by long-chain-base starvation is thus explained as a differential loss of cell division and mass accumulation. Long-chain-base starvation in Lcb-S. cerevisiae and inositol starvation of Inos-S. cerevisiae share common features: an increase in cell density and a loss of cell viability overcome by blocking macromolecular synthesis.

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Chemistry of Glycosphingolipids

Cited by 73 publications

References 526 publications

An Inositolphosphorylceramide Synthase Is Involved in Regulation of Plant Programmed Cell Death Associated with Defense inArabidopsis

An Inositolphosphorylceramide Synthase Is Involved in Regulation of Plant Programmed Cell Death Associated with Defense inArabidopsis

Incorporation of cholesterol in sphingomyelin- phosphatidylcholine vesicles has profound effects on detergent-induced phase transitions

Sphingolipid long-chain-base auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: genetics, physiology, and a method for their selection

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