Chemistry and toxicity of flame retardants for plastics.

Abstract

An overview of commercially used flame retardants is give. The most used flame retardants are illustrated and the seven major markets, which use 96% of all flame-retarded polymers, are described. Annual flame retardant growth rate for each major market is also projected. Toxicity data are reviewed on only those compositions that are considered commercially significant today. This includes 18 compounds or families of compounds and four inherently flame-retarded polymers. Toxicological studies of flame retardants for most synthetic materials are of recent origin and only a few of the compounds have been evaluated in any great detail. Considerable toxicological problems may exist in the manufacturing of some flame retardants, their by-products, and possible decomposition products.

Melt free radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto fully biodegradable poly(lactic) acid films: effect of cellulose nanocrystals and a masterbatch process

“…The increased T max for g-PLA/PLA-1CNC and g-PLA-1CNC/PLA, compared with PLA/1CNC and g-PLA/1CNC, respectively, may be attributed to the increased crystallinity due to the more homogeneous dispersion of CNC (discussed in DSC section), and this result was in agreement with the study by Shi et al 33 The reduction of T max for 1% wt of CNC containing PLA nanocomposites, compared with neat PLA and g-PLA, was also observed in some other studies. 37,38 Tensile properties Fig. 37,38 Tensile properties Fig.…”

Thermal Properties Improvement of Bismaleimide Resin by a New Phosphorus‐containing Polycyclic Bismaleimide

“…23 Increased char formation can limit production of combustible carbon-containing gases, decrease the exothermicity due to pyrolysis reactions, as well as decrease the thermal conductivity of surface of burning materials. 29 As seen in Table 4, the phosphorus-containing polymers BMPI resin, BMPI/ BDM, BMPI/BDE and BMPI/BDS mixed resins have higher char yields than those of phosphorus-free resins, BDS, BDM and BDE resins. The flame-resistance properties of the BMPI resin and its mixed resin system were found to be markedly improved.…”

Microencapsulated melamine phosphate via the sol-gel method and its application in halogen-free and intumescent flame-retarding acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer

“…Conventionally, the IFR system is composed mainly of three parts: an acid source, a blowing agent and a char agent. And the main flame retardant mechanism of the IFR system is to produce a visually expanded ‘foam‐like’ structure in the matrix and form dense, continuous and compact protective char layers on the surface of the matrix, which can greatly protect the underlying material from further thermal degradation during combustion . The typical IFR system is a mixture of ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and melamine and it has achieved a significant breakthrough in fire retardant intumescent coatings .…”

“…And the main flame retardant mechanism of the IFR system is to produce a visually expanded 'foam-like' structure in the matrix and form dense, continuous and compact protective char layers on the surface of the matrix, which can greatly protect the underlying material from further thermal degradation during combustion. 16 -18 The typical IFR system is a mixture of ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and melamine 19 -23 and it has achieved a significant breakthrough in fire retardant intumescent coatings. 24,25 In recent years, a series of melamine phosphate (MP) materials have gradually attracted researchers' attention, and some of them have been commercialized.…”