Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants

Abstract

this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) PrefaceThe third edition of this book reflects how the chemistry and technology of lubricants have developed since the first edition was published in 1992. Refinery processes have become more precise in defining the physical and chemical properties of higher quality mineral base oils, Part I, Chapters 1 and 2, beneficial with the move away from Gp.I mineral base oils towards Gps.II and III, synthetic base oils such as poly-α-olefins (PAOs), the esters and others. New and existing additives have improved performance through enhanced understanding of their action, Part II, Chapters 3-7. Applications have become more rigorous, Part III, Chapters 8-14. The performance, specification and testing of lubricants has become more focused on higher level requirements, Part IV, Chapters 15-17. The acceleration of performance development in the past 35 years has been as significant as in the previous century. The performance and life between service changes of lubricants have extended dramatically and are expected to extend more, Chapters 9 and 10. Yet more performance will still be required but it will also include the lubricant's ability to 'stay in grade' for efficiency savings and withstand the conditions arising from the use of advanced environmental emission controls, such as for Euro 5 and 6 engines and their North American equivalents.The physical benefits of having a lubricant film between surfaces in relative motion have been known for several millennia. Dowson [1] found an Egyptian hieroglyph of a large stone block hauled by many slaves. Close inspection shows fluid, presumably water, being poured into the immediate path of the block. Moderately refined vegetable oils and fats were increasingly used to lubricate machines and carriage/wagon bearings; the benefits of reducing the force needed to operate them were a widely received wisdom up to the end of the middle ages, ∼1450 AD. Increasing industrialisation after 1600 AD, accelerated during the First Industrial Revolution in Britain after 1760 AD, soon followed by other developed countries, recognised the important contribution that lubricants made in reducing the work required to overcome friction and in extending the working life of machines. The crude technology existed and was effective for its time but it was not understood.Leonado da Vinci was the first person recorded to investigate the resistance to motion of two 'smooth' loaded bodies in contact. He set out the Laws of Friction as we now essentially know them [2] but they were not appreciated and nor applied at the ti...

A review on lubricant condition monitoring information analysis for maintenance decision support

“…A comprehensive study on lubricating oil additives is done by Ahmed and Nassar [50]. Contamination analysis is carried out when lubricant becomes adulterated with liquid or solid materials rendering it impure thus compromising its performance, which may involve contamination from water [52], fuel and soot [53], glycol or antifreeze [52] and insoluble-solid [54]. Direct or indirect test techniques are employed, for instance, fuel dilution can be tested directly (Gas chromatography or fuel dilution meter) or implied (flash point, viscosity or FT-IR spectroscopy) by traces of particles accepted in the fuel's composition such as vanadium or nickel [55] [54].…”

Failure Mechanisms Caused by Motor Oil Degradation and Their Study as Part of Expertise of Technical Condition of Gasoline Car Engines

“…Fuel dilution in engine lubricants has not been researched much in the recent times. A number of studies have been done related to the testing methods to confirm fuel dilution, not necessarily direct methods but methods inclusive of the linchpins which cannot be independently identified [3] [2]. The adverse effects of fuel dilution on the properties and performance of the lubricant has been studied by Ljubas [5].…”

“…Knowledge of the equipment's or component's critical failure modes is essential for effective and comprehensive oil and equipment condition monitoring [2]. Through monitoring by used oil analysis, and developing diagnostic and prognostic systems, researchers and practitioners aim to increase the machine availability, reduce random failures, prevent unnecessary cost of oil replacement, and further reduce waste which adversely affects the environment.…”

“…Contamination analysis involves evaluation of the lubricant to extract various contaminants. Contamination could occur by water, fuel, glycol, dirt, wrong oil, metal particulate, soot, oil degradation and additive depletion [2].…”

Molecular Characterization of Formulated Lubricants and Additive Packages Using Kendrick Mass Defect Determined by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

“…To reach the desired performance for modern lubricants, a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds are used and assembled in additives packages. Additives used in these packages are generally low molecular weight polymeric molecules with a great diversity that is reflected at the chemical level with oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulfur-, phosphorus-, boron-, and molybdenum-containing compounds . These additives can be classified as dispersants, detergents, antioxidants, antiwear agents, viscosity modifiers, and friction modifiers …”