Chemistry and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants

Yoshimura, Kazuya; Ishikawa, Takahiro

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74057-7_1

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Four pathways towards ascorbate biosynthesis have been proposed in plants: the L-galactose, L-gulose, myo-inositol, and D-galacturonate pathways [13,14] (Figure 2). All four pathways share an aldonolactone as the direct precursor to ascorbate (L-galactono-1,4-lactone for the L-galactose and D-galacturonate pathways and L-gulono-1,4-lactone for the L-gulose and myo-inositol pathways).…”

Section: Biosynthesis Of Ascorbate In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The L-galactose pathway (also known as the D-mannose/L-galactose pathway or Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway) is the only ascorbate biosynthetic pathway in plants to have all its enzymatic steps characterized. The L-galactose pathway is responsible for converting D-fructose-6-P to ascorbate via eight enzymatic steps by phosphomannose isomerase (PMI), phosphomannose mutase (PMM), GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP), GDP-D-mannose-3 ,5 -epimerase (GME), GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (GGP), L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase (GPP), L-galactose dehydrogenase (L-GalDH), and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (L-GalLDH) [13,14] (Figure 2). All enzymatic steps of the L-galactose pathway take place in the cytosol, except for the conversion of L-galactono-1,4-lactone to ascorbate by L-GalLDH, which occurs in mitochondria [15].…”

Section: The L-galactose Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The oxidized ascorbate can then be regenerated by the ascorbate recycling enzymes monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) or dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) using NADPH and glutathione, respectively, as electron donors (see Section 4) [3,11]. To date, four ascorbate biosynthetic pathways have been proposed in plants: the L-galactose, L-gulose, myo-inositol, and D-galacturonate pathways [13,14]. The L-galactose pathway, however, is the only pathway to have all the enzymatic steps characterized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manipulation of Ascorbate Biosynthetic, Recycling, and Regulatory Pathways for Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

Broad

Bonneau

Hellens

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, are major limiting factors in global crop productivity and are predicted to be exacerbated by climate change. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common consequence of many abiotic stresses. Ascorbate, also known as vitamin C, is the most abundant water-soluble antioxidant in plant cells and can combat oxidative stress directly as a ROS scavenger, or through the ascorbate–glutathione cycle—a major antioxidant system in plant cells. Engineering crops with enhanced ascorbate concentrations therefore has the potential to promote broad abiotic stress tolerance. Three distinct strategies have been utilized to increase ascorbate concentrations in plants: (i) increased biosynthesis, (ii) enhanced recycling, or (iii) modulating regulatory factors. Here, we review the genetic pathways underlying ascorbate biosynthesis, recycling, and regulation in plants, including a summary of all metabolic engineering strategies utilized to date to increase ascorbate concentrations in model and crop species. We then highlight transgene-free strategies utilizing genome editing tools to increase ascorbate concentrations in crops, such as editing the highly conserved upstream open reading frame that controls translation of the GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase gene.

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Section: Biosynthesis Of Ascorbate In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The L-galactose Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manipulation of Ascorbate Biosynthetic, Recycling, and Regulatory Pathways for Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

Broad

Bonneau

Hellens

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…Due to human needs for dietary sources of ascorbic acid, considerable efforts have been made to boost the accumulation of ascorbic acid in plants using genes encoding enzymes in biosynthesis and regenerating pathways (reviewed in Macknight et al ., 2017). Four de novo biosynthesis pathways of ascorbic acid in plants have been proposed: the L‐galactose, L‐gulose, myo ‐inositol and D‐galacturonate pathways (Broad et al ., 2020; Ishikawa et al ., 2018; Yoshimura and Ishikawa, 2017). Notably, guava fruits produce sixfold more ascorbic acid than strawberry and fivefold more than kiwifruit or orange (Davey et al ., 2000; Gutierrez et al ., 2008; Kumrawat, 2018), and the extracts from guava fruits and leaves are potential sources of many other natural antioxidants such as anthocyanin, lycopene, phenolics and tannins (Fernandes et al ., 2014; Guevara et al ., 2019; Yang et al ., 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A chromosome‐level genome assembly provides insights into ascorbic acid accumulation and fruit softening in guava (Psidium guajava)

Chen

Feng

Lin

et al. 2020

Plant Biotechnology Journal

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Summary Guava (Psidium guajava) is an important fleshy‐fruited tree of the Myrtaceae family that is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas of the world and has attracted considerable attention for the richness of ascorbic acid in its fruits. However, studies on the evolution and genetic breeding potential of guava are hindered by the lack of a reference genome. Here, we present a chromosome‐level genomic assembly of guava using PacBio sequencing and Hi‐C technology. We found that the genome assembly size was 443.8 Mb with a contig N50 of ~15.8 Mb. We annotated a total of 25 601 genes and 193.2 Mb of repetitive sequences for this genome. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that guava has undergone a recent whole‐genome duplication (WGD) event shared by all species in Myrtaceae. In addition, through metabolic analysis, we determined that the L‐galactose pathway plays a major role in ascorbic acid biosynthesis in guava fruits. Moreover, the softening of fruits of guava may result from both starch and cell wall degradation according to analyses of gene expression profiles and positively selected genes. Our data provide a foundational resource to support molecular breeding of guava and represent new insights into the evolution of soft, fleshy fruits in Myrtaceae.

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“…Ascorbic acid protects cellular membranes by directly scavenging O2• − and OH while acting as a cofactor for violaxanthin deepoxidase, sustaining the dissipation of excess excitation energy in chloroplasts [54]. In addition, ascorbic acid has the redox potential to interact with hydroxyl radicals,, superoxides, oxidized glutathione, and tocopherol radicals [53,55].…”

Section: Ascorbic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biochemical Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Plants

et al. 2022

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Salinity is one of the most severe environmental problems worldwide and affects plant growth, reproduction, and crop yields by inducing physiological and biochemical changes due to osmotic and ionic shifts in plant cells. One of the principal modifications caused by osmotic stress is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause membrane damage and alter proteins, DNA structures, and photosynthetic processes. In response, plants increase their arsenal of antioxidant compounds, such as ROS scavenging enzymes and nonenzymatic elements like ascorbate, glutathione, flavonoids, tocopherols, and carotenoids, and their rates of osmolyte synthesis to conserve ion homeostasis and manage salt stress. This chapter describes the principal biochemical mechanisms that are employed by plants to survive under salt-stress conditions, including the most recent research regarding plant tolerance, and suggests strategies to produce valuable crops that are able to deal with soil salinity.

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Chemistry and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Plants

Cited by 7 publications

References 128 publications

Manipulation of Ascorbate Biosynthetic, Recycling, and Regulatory Pathways for Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

Manipulation of Ascorbate Biosynthetic, Recycling, and Regulatory Pathways for Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

A chromosome‐level genome assembly provides insights into ascorbic acid accumulation and fruit softening in guava (Psidium guajava)

The Biochemical Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Plants

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