Chemistry and Fate of Simazine

Gunasekara, Amrith S.; Troiano, John; Goh, Kean S.; Tjeerdema, Ronald S.

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35368-5_1

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…However the custom of pesticides in the agricultural lands for the last five decades caused the notorious impact to the environment and its related hazardous effects to the living organisms [1][2][3][4][5]. Among the various pest control agents used in the agriculture, Simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine) (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonophotocatalytic (42kHz) degradation of Simazine in the presence of Au–TiO2 nanocatalysts

Sathishkumar

Mangalaraja

Mansilla

et al. 2014

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonophotocatalytic (42kHz) degradation of Simazine in the presence of Au–TiO2 nanocatalysts

Sathishkumar

Mangalaraja

Mansilla

et al. 2014

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

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“…Due to their physicochemical properties, simazine is not appreciably adsorbed to minerals and potentially could be leached from clay and sandy soils. Herbicides can reach water reservoirs through spray drifts, run-off, soil erosion and leaching [18]; thus, simazine has been detected in surface water, lacustrine sediments and groundwater [23], exceeding the MCL of 4 lg L -1 established by USEPA [44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemostat selection of a bacterial community able to degrade s-triazinic compounds: continuous simazine biodegradation in a multi-stage packed bed biofilm reactor

Mondragón-Parada¹,

Ruiz‐Ordaz²,

Tafoya‐Garnica³

et al. 2008

J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol

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Using a successive transfer method on mineral salt medium containing simazine, a microbial community enriched with microorganisms able to grow on simazine was obtained. Afterwards, using a continuous enrichment culture procedure, a bacterial community able to degrade simazine from an herbicide formulation was isolated from a chemostat. The continuous selector, fed with a mineral salt medium containing simazine and adjuvants present in the commercial herbicide formulation, was maintained in operation for 42 days. Following the lapse of this time, the cell count increased from 5 x 10(5) to 3 x 10(8) CFU mL(-1), and the simazine removal efficiency reached 96%. The chemostat's bacterial diversity was periodically evaluated by extracting the culture's bacterial DNA, amplifying their 16S rDNA fragments and analyzing them by thermal gradient gel electrophoresis. Finally, a stable bacterial consortium able to degrade simazine was selected. By PCR amplification, sequencing of bacterial 16S rDNA amplicons, and comparison with known sequences of 16S rDNA from the NCBI GenBank, eight bacterial strains were identified. The genera, Ochrobactrum, Mycobacterium, Cellulomonas, Arthrobacter, Microbacterium, Rhizobium and Pseudomonas have been reported as common degraders of triazinic herbicides. On the contrary, we were unable to find reports about the ability of the genus Pseudonocardia to degrade triazinic compounds. The selected bacterial community was attached to a porous support in a concurrently aerated four-stage packed-bed reactor fed with the herbicide. Highest overall simazine removal efficiencies eta (SZ) were obtained at overall dilution rates D below 0.284 h(-1). However, the multistage packed bed reactor could be operated at dilution rates as high as D = 3.58 h(-1) with overall simazine removal volumetric rates R (v,SZ) = 19.6 mg L(-1) h(-1), and overall simazine removal specific rates R (X,SZ) = 13.48 mg (mg cell protein)(-1) h(-1). Finally, the consortium's ability to degrade 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine (CAAT), cyanuric acid and the herbicide atrazine, pure or mixed with simazine, was evaluated in fed batch processes.

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“…The exothermic adsorption of chlorotriazine on soil may be explained by the fact that the adsorbate-adsorbent bonds were weakened with increasing temperature. Temperature induced change in aqueous solubility of herbicides may also influence the adsorption process [26]. Higher temperatures increase herbicides solubility and lower the tendency to get sorbed on the soils.…”

Section: Chlorotriazine Adsorption Enthalpymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Chlorotriazine Herbicides in the Agricultural Soils

Singh¹,

Cameotra²

2013

J Pet Environ Biotechnol

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The chlorotriazine herbicides have been applied worldwide for controlling of broadleaf weeds. These herbicides are known carcinogen and thus, their occurrence in surface and ground water is a cause of concern. In the present study, adsorption-desorption behavior of chlorotriazine herbicides namely simazine and atrazine was investigated. For the study, two different types of agricultural soil A (loam, 13.7% organic matter content) and soil B (clay-loam, 4.8% organic matter content) was collected from Punjab, India. The adsorption-desorption study was carried out by batch equilibration procedure. The data fitted well into the Freundlich equation. The adsorption K f values indicated that the simazine has more soil adsorption ability than atrazine. The extent of herbicides adsorbed to the soil was more under low pH conditions and decreased with the increase in pH value. Increase in temperature decreased herbicides adsorption ability for both the soil types. The Gibb's free energy (∆G) values were found less negative with the increase in temperature. Atrazine exhibited better desorption behavior than simazine. Soil A with high organic matter content exhibited sorption-desorption hysteresis. The results indicate that the soil organic matter content and aqueous solubility play an important role in the adsorption-desorption behavior of chlorotriazine herbicides. The present understanding of chlorotriazine herbicides sorption-desorption process will help to determine the herbicides fate and availability in soil, biodegradation, runoff and leaching.

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Chemistry and Fate of Simazine

Cited by 28 publications

References 65 publications

Sonophotocatalytic (42kHz) degradation of Simazine in the presence of Au–TiO2 nanocatalysts

Sonophotocatalytic (42kHz) degradation of Simazine in the presence of Au–TiO2 nanocatalysts

Chemostat selection of a bacterial community able to degrade s-triazinic compounds: continuous simazine biodegradation in a multi-stage packed bed biofilm reactor

Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Chlorotriazine Herbicides in the Agricultural Soils

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