Chemistry and Fate of Al(III) in Treated Drinking Water

Driscoll, Charles T.; Letterman, Raymond D.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1988)114:1(21)

Cited by 72 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, Lake Manyame was considered unlikely to be acidic such that it may be difficult to detect dissolved aluminium hence the choice of total Al in the water samples. Also, in this pH range, studies have shown that dissolved toxic forms would generally be insignificant (Driscoll and Letterman, 1988;Srinivasan et al, 1999). Total metal is the metal in both the dissolved and suspended portions of the sample (Adams, 1990).…”

Section: Selection Of Sampling Parametersmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…According to Clark et al (1977), the characteristics of the sludge from a water treatment plant using the above-mentioned treatment processes will typically include the following: silt and detritus from the pre-sedimentation deposit; a mixture of inerts, organics and chemical precipitates, including metal oxides from settling tanks sludge; flocs of coagulated colloids and unspent coagulant hydroxides dominating the filter backwash water. Driscoll and Letterman (1988) showed that total Al concentration in water increased fivefold from 10±9 µg/l in raw water to 49±9 µg/l in filtered water after treatment with alum. In the same study, Al in raw water was in the form of particulate Al (3±6 µg/l) or non-labile (organic) monomeric form (7±6 µg/l) while concentrations of the toxic labile (inorganic) monomeric form was insignificant.…”

Section: Waste Generation Characterization and Disposal At Water Trementioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of alum residues from Morton Jaffray Water Works on water quality and fish, Harare, Zimbabwe

Muisa-Zikali

Hoko

Chifamba

2011

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C

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Section: Selection Of Sampling Parametersmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Waste Generation Characterization and Disposal At Water Trementioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of alum residues from Morton Jaffray Water Works on water quality and fish, Harare, Zimbabwe

Muisa-Zikali

Hoko

Chifamba

2011

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C

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“…In addition, the experiences have confirmed that with a pause in taking water from Karoun river even for one hour, water subscribers in Ahvaz city will have a shortage about 25 Besides, Alum had the least effect on turbidity removal in entire experiment.Alum maybe cheaper than PACL but it never has suitable efficiency of turbidity removal in comparison with PACL. In addition, it should be considered that coagulation with Alum might increase aluminum concentration in drinking water as reported in many texts (38). Aluminum in coagulated drinking water has been regarded as a subject of human and environmental health concerns (39).…”

Section: Different Turbidity Ranges Of 10001 -20000 and > 20000 Ntumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aluminum in coagulated drinking water has been regarded as a subject of human and environmental health concerns (39). Driscoll and Letterman (38) observed that the use of Alum could increase the total Al (III) concentration from 0.37 ± 0.33 µmol l -1 in raw water to 1.8 ± 0.33 µmol/L -1 in filtered water. Alum human health hazards have been well documented (3).…”

Section: Different Turbidity Ranges Of 10001 -20000 and > 20000 Ntumentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Coagulants Efficiency in Water Treatment of Karoun River

Dehkordi

Kashkuli

Mohsenifar

et al. 2016

Jundishapur J Health Sci

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Background: Many kinds of inorganic polymers have been developed, but, amongst them, polyaluminum chloride (PACl) is one of the most common kinds and has become most widely applied. Objectives: The main objective in this research was the evaluation of three coagulants efficiency in the turbidity removal of Karoun river water in water treatment plant (WTP) of Kut-e Amir in different turbidity ranges of 0 to > 20000 NTU. Methods: For evaluation of the three coagulants efficiency (including polyaluminum chloride (PACL), aluminum sulfate (Alum) and ferric chloride) a jar-test was done for every turbidity range. In this research, coagulant aid (Besfloc) was added when samples turbidity were > 300 NTU. Turbidity of samples were measured by the turbidity meter with the model of HACH2100N. Results: According to the results, it was clear that PACL and Ferric Chloride had the better results in turbidity removal in comparison with Alum. Considering Ferric Chloride is cheaper than PACL and Alum, WTPs prefer to use Ferric Chloride. Economic analysis in WTP of Kut-e Amir showed that using Ferric Chloride achieved less costs in comparison with PACL and Alum. Conclusions: Considering close and suitable results of Ferric Chloride and PACL in turbidity removal and more economical efficiency of ferric chloride than PACL, it's recommended to be used from ferric chloride with Besfloc when turbidity is under 6500 NTU. In the end, injection of coagulants different doses did not vary pH samples significantly.

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“…This concentrations is low enough that drinking water contributes a much smaller proportion of the lifetime burden of aluminum than food. 49,50,58,59 However, this flocculation limit does not relate to the later process of fluoridation, which is the last step in water treatment before drinking water is delivered. It is assumed that NaF additives contain only small amounts of aluminum.…”

Section: 651mentioning

confidence: 99%

A new perspective on metals and other contaminants in fluoridation chemicals

Mullenix

2014

International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health

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Background: Fluoride additives contain metal contaminants that must be diluted to meet drinking water regulations. However, each raw additive batch supplied to water facilities does not come labeled with concentrations per contaminant. This omission distorts exposure profiles and the risks associated with accidents and routine use. Objectives: This study provides an independent determination of the metal content of raw fluoride products. Methods: Metal concentrations were analyzed in three hydrofluorosilicic acid (HFS) and four sodium fluoride (NaF) samples using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Arsenic levels were confirmed using graphite furnace atomic absorption analysis. Results: Results show that metal content varies with batch, and all HFS samples contained arsenic (4.9-56.0 ppm) or arsenic in addition to lead (10.3 ppm). Two NaF samples contained barium (13.3-18.0 ppm) instead. All HFS (212-415 ppm) and NaF (3312-3630 ppm) additives contained a surprising amount of aluminum. Conclusions: Such contaminant content creates a regulatory blind spot that jeopardizes any safe use of fluoride additives.

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Chemistry and Fate of Al(III) in Treated Drinking Water

Cited by 72 publications

References 17 publications

Impacts of alum residues from Morton Jaffray Water Works on water quality and fish, Harare, Zimbabwe

Impacts of alum residues from Morton Jaffray Water Works on water quality and fish, Harare, Zimbabwe

Assessment of Coagulants Efficiency in Water Treatment of Karoun River

A new perspective on metals and other contaminants in fluoridation chemicals

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