Chemistry and Bioactivity of Essential Oils

Carson, Christine; Hammer, Katherine A.

doi:10.1002/9780470976623.ch9

Cited by 96 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 334 publications

(321 reference statements)

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“…Citrus EOs are processed into various formulations for industrial cleaning applications and as sustainable alternatives to traditional solvents [82].…”

Section: Detergentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Potential Use of Citrus Essential Oils

Palazzolo¹,

Laudicina²,

Germanà

2013

COC

152

102

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Abstract:Since the Middle Ages, citrus essential oils (EOs) have been widely used for their bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, antiparasitical, insecticidal, medicinal and cosmetic proprieties. Also nowadays, they find important applications in pharmaceutical, sanitary, cosmetic, agricultural and food industries. The best method to extract EOs from citrus plant tissue is steam distillation because of a variety of extracted volatile molecules such as terpenes and terpenoids, phenol-derived aromatic components and aliphatic components. In vitro physicochemical assays classify most of them as antioxidants.

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“…Citrus EOs are processed into various formulations for industrial cleaning applications and as sustainable alternatives to traditional solvents [82].…”

Section: Detergentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Potential Use of Citrus Essential Oils

Palazzolo¹,

Laudicina²,

Germanà

2013

COC

152

102

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“…These oils are processed into various formulations for industrial cleaning applications and as sustainable alternatives to traditional solvents. The volatile fraction, which is gathered by steam or vacuum distillation, has important uses in the flavor, fragrance, aromatherapy, and agrochemical industries (Carson and Hammer, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Biosynthetic Capabilities of Secretory Glands inCitrusPeel

2012

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Epithelial cells (ECs) lining the secretory cavities of Citrus peel have been hypothesized to be responsible for the synthesis of essential oil, but direct evidence for such a role is currently sparse. We used laser-capture microdissection and pressure catapulting to isolate ECs and parenchyma cells (as controls not synthesizing oil) from the peel of young grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi ‘Duncan’), isolated RNA, and evaluated transcript patterns based on oligonucleotide microarrays. A Gene Ontology analysis of these data sets indicated an enrichment of genes involved in the biosynthesis of volatile terpenoids and nonvolatile phenylpropanoids in ECs (when compared with parenchyma cells), thus indicating a significant metabolic specialization in this cell type. The gene expression patterns in ECs were consistent with the accumulation of the major essential oil constituents (monoterpenes, prenylated coumarins, and polymethoxylated flavonoids). Morphometric analyses demonstrated that secretory cavities are formed early during fruit development, whereas the expansion of cavities, and thus oil accumulation, correlates with later stages of fruit expansion. Our studies have laid the methodological and experimental groundwork for a vastly improved knowledge of the as yet poorly understood processes controlling essential oil biosynthesis in Citrus peel.

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“…On the other hand, this result agrees with the work of Gebrehiwot and Unakal (2013) where the aqueous extract was found to be more effective than its ethanol extract against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Generally, differences in activities of O. lamiifolium extracts may be due to the differences in their chemical compositions which are determined by different factors such as climate, plant nutrition, stress (Carson and Hammer, 2011), fertilizer application (Duke, 2009), plant organs used, plant developmental stage, plant origin, chemotypes, and methods used (Zuzarte et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activities of the methanol, aqueous and n-hexane extracts of Ocimum lamiifolium from Ethiopia

Damtie¹,

Mekonnen²

2015

Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.

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Ocimum lamiifolium (local name Dama Kesse, Amharic) is a medicinal plant in Ethiopia. Its leaves are squeezed and sniffed to treat coughs and colds. They are also used to treat eye infections and to stop nose bleedings. In the present study, leaves of O. lamiifolium were collected from their growing habitats. Dried leaf powders were extracted using methanol, distilled water and n-hexane. 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml doses of the extracts made in Tween 80 (2%) were screened for their antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherchia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella boydii using disk diffusion assay. The inhibition zones due to the methanolic extract ranged from 0 (in S. aureus due to 25 mg/ml) to 12 mm (in E. coli due to 100 mg/ml). Inhibition zones due to the aqueous extract ranged from 8 mm in S. aureus and S. boydii to 12 mm in S. boydii at concentrations of 25 and 100 mg/ml, respectively. The n-hexane extract at 25 mg/ml resulted in inhibition zone that ranges from 7 mm (against S. aureus) to 11 mm (against E. coli) at 50 and 100 mg/ml doses. The minimum inhibitory concentration of S. boydii and E. coli was 10 mg/ml due to all the extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations on S. aureus were 10, 20 and 50 mg/ml due to the aqueous, n-hexane and methanolic extracts, respectively. P. aeruginosa was minimally inhibited at 10 mg/ml due to the methanol and aqueous extracts and 15 mg/ml due to the n-hexane extract. The methanol, aqueous, and n-hexane extracts of O. lamiifolium leaf extracts inhibited the test bacteria with significantly higher levels of inhibition zones than the negative control (T80). The positive controls (Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol) also showed significantly higher inhibition zones than the 100 mg/ml concentration of the extracts and T80 except that Chloramphenicol failed to inhibit S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. However, combination of Chloramphenicol with plant extracts raised their inhibition zones from zero to 23 and 25 mm in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively.

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Chemistry and Bioactivity of Essential Oils

Cited by 96 publications

References 334 publications

Current and Potential Use of Citrus Essential Oils

Current and Potential Use of Citrus Essential Oils

Assessing the Biosynthetic Capabilities of Secretory Glands inCitrusPeel

In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activities of the methanol, aqueous and n-hexane extracts of Ocimum lamiifolium from Ethiopia

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