Scaffolds of thiophene and benzothiophene
are the important class
of bioactive compounds found abundant in nature. The Diels–Alder
reactions of 2-(1′-cycloalkenyl)thiophenes and 2-(1′-cycloalkenyl)benzo[b]thiophenes having the alkene groups present in five-,
six-, seven-, eight-, and twelve-membered rings with substituted N-phenylmaleimides are characterized. The size of the cycloalkene
rings plays a critical role in dictating the product distributions
of expected and isomerized Diels–Alder adducts. 2D NMR studies
indicate that the isolated isomers for 2-(1′-cycloalkenyl)thiophenes
having five-, six-, and seven-membered rings are aromatized benzothiophene
products, whereas eight- and twelve-membered rings are un-rearranged
adducts. In addition, the product of subsequent ene-reaction with
the N-phenylmaleimide is isolated for the five- and
six-membered ring cases. Interestingly, in the 2-(1′-cycloalkenyl)benzo[b]thiophene having five-, six-, seven-, eight-, and twelve-membered
rings, the un-rearranged dibenzothiophene Diels–Alder adduct
is isolated in every instance. Molecular mechanics and density functional
theory (M06-2X and PBE0-D3) calculations are performed to understand
the differential reactivity of the various dienes for both the initial
Diels–Alder reaction and a possible, subsequent ene reaction.