Kinetics and equilibria for reversible formation of 1:1
monodentate complexes between
Pd(H2O)4
2+ and
acetic,
propionic, and glycolic acid (RCOOH) according to the equation
Pd(H2O)4
2+ + RCOOH ⇌
Pd(H2O)3OOCR+
+
H3O+ (k
1,
k
-
1) have been studied as a
function of temperature and pressure in an aqueous medium with 0.60
≤
[H+] ≤ 1.00 M, [RCOOH]/[H+] ≤ 1.0,
and ionic strength 1.00 M. Stability constants β1
for the formation of
acetate, propionate, and glycolate complexes are (2.19 ± 0.09) ×
104, (2.10 ± 0.24) × 104, and (6.4 ± 0.1)
×
103 M-1, repectively, at 25 °C
and for a 1.00 M perchlorate medium. The rate expression,
k
obsd =
k
1[RCOOH]
+ k
-
1[H+],
indicates that reaction between palladium and carboxylate anions is
negligible under the experimental
conditions used. Values for
k
1/M-1
s-1,
k
-
1/M-1
s-1,
ΔH
1
⧧/kJ
mol-1,
ΔH
-
1
⧧/kJ
mol-1,
ΔS
1
⧧/J
K-1 mol-1,
ΔS
-
1
⧧/J K-1 mol-1,
ΔV
1
⧧/cm3
mol-1, and
ΔV
-
1
⧧/cm3
mol-1 at 25.0 °C are 19.3 ± 0.6, 32.8 ±
0.2, 52.5 ± 0.4, 57.5 ±
0.4, −44 ± 1, −23 ± 1, −8.1 ± 0.3, and −1.7 ± 0.2 for
acetic acid; 12.0 ± 1.1, 26.4 ± 0.3, 55.3 ± 0.6,
56.8
± 0.3, −32 ± 2, −34 ± 1, −8.9 ± 0.8, and −1.7 ± 0.2
for propionic acid; and 21.1 ± 0.3, 13.7 ± 0.1, 53.6
±
0.4, 59.2 ± 0.6, −40 ± 1, −25 ± 2, −3.4 ± 0.2, and −2.3
± 0.2 for glycolic acid. There is no relation
between
formation rate constants and pK
a for these
carboxylic acids. The nucleophilic properties of the carboxylic
acids
toward palladium(II) are similar to those of water molecules.
A trigonal bipyramidal transition state stabilized
by hydrogen bonding between the entering carboxylic acid and the
leaving aqua ligand or (equivalent) between
the entering oxonium ion and the leaving carboxylate ligand is
suggested. Negative entropies, volumes of activation,
and volume profiles support a strong contribution from bond making in
the activation process.