The
performance of thermoelectric materials has been improved in the past
few years by a significant reduction of the thermal conductivity,
but this parameter has now reached its (amorphous) limit, which makes
the enlargement of the power factor (PF) critical. Here we present
a new concept, based on a hybrid system formed by a porous thermoelectric
solid permeated by a liquid with an inert salt dissolved (electrolyte),
which can be designed to significantly enhance the PF. The concept
is demonstrated in an Sb-doped SnO2 porous film permeated
with different inert salts (X+(BF4)−, X+ = Li+, Na+, K+)
dissolved in 3-methoxypropionitrile (3-MPN). A 61.9% average decrease
in the electrical resistivity without a significant variation of the
Seebeck coefficient was found in the case of 1 M LiBF4 in
3-MPN. As a result, the PF was remarkably increased 3.4 times. On
the other hand, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMI+Y–, Y– = I–, BF4
–) ionic liquids were also employed as electrolytes.
Using the BMII ionic liquid, the electrical resistivity showed a more
significant average decrease of 82.5%; however, the absolute value
of the Seebeck coefficient was reduced by 35%, finally resulting in
an average enhancement of 2.4 times of the PF. The large enhancements
achieved are attributed to the modification of the electrostatic environment
of the porous solid by the ions in the electrolyte at the solid–liquid
interface. These results establish a new strategy for the significant
improvement of the PF which is not restricted to certain materials
and can be potentially applied widely.