“…Carbon-based rechargeable batteries have gained extensive attention, particularly after the commercialization of the Li-ion battery from Sony laboratories, wherein metallic lithium is replaced by a carbon host structure that can reversibly absorb and release lithium ions at low electrochemical potentials. There have been several efforts to increase the energy density and specific capacity of these cells by using many types of industrially available and heat-treated carbons. − Chemical dopants in carbon materials such as phosphorus, − boron, − and boron−nitrogen , showed a substantial increase in specific capacity relative to pure carbon structures. Several research attempts focused on developing carbon nanotubes based energy storage/conversion devices are still under development stage. − All the graphitic forms of carbon including zero-dimensional fullerenes, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, and three-dimensional graphite are essentially derived from the two-dimensional, single atomic layer, graphene structure .…”