Chemiluminescent detection of amines and amino acids using in situ generated Ru(bpy)33+ following separation by capillary electrophoresis

Bobbitt, Donald R.; Jackson, Warren A.; Hendrickson, Howard P.

doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(97)00318-4

Cited by 57 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Similar to the conventional CE with electrochemical (EC) detection, most of the reported CE-ECL schemes also require an on-capillary field decoupler created before the detector [17][18][19][20][21][22]. This decoupler was found necessary in order to isolate the high CE voltage from the orders of magnitude smaller electrochemical potential used to control ECL reaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-based ECL detection coupled to CE also has received considerable attention [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. However, due to the nanoliters injection volume in CE compared to microliters for FIA or HPLC, it is generally considered more difficult to directly couple ECL to CE as is done with FIA or HPLC.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-ECL involves the formation of electronically excited states by energetic electron-transfer reactions of electrochemically generated species, a microwire working electrode either precisely aligned with the capillary tip [17][18][19][20] or directly inserted into the capillary end [21] is generally needed to perform in situ oxidation of Ru(bpy) 3 21 to Ru(bpy) 3 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The precursor Ru(bpy) 3 21 can be added to a postcapillary reservoir [18,21,23,24,26], incorporated into the CE buffer eluent [17], or continuously delivered to the capillary end using a syringe pump and a mixing tee [20]. Alternatively, active Ru(bpy) 3 31 can be generated off-line by external oxidation of Ru(bpy) 3 21 with a potentio-galvanostat in a separate cell, followed by mixing the electrogenerated Ru(bpy) 3 31 with the CE eluate using a syringe pump and a mixing tee [22].…”

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confidence: 99%

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A simple and low‐cost electrochemiluminescence detector for capillary electrophoresis

Chiang

Whang

2003

Electrophoresis

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A simple and cost-effective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detector for capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been developed. The detector was constructed by vertically gluing a 0.5 mL plastic sample vial onto a piece of 1.5 cm x 1 cm x 0.6 mm indium/tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass plate. End-column ECL detection was performed in a wall-jet configuration. Potential control of the ITO electrode was provided using a direct current (DC) battery. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) (Ru(bpy)3(3+))-based ECL reaction was used for sensitive detection of four trialkylamines (trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine) and two amino acids (proline, hydroxyproline). With 15 mM sodium borate (pH 9.5) plus 3.5 mM Ru(bpy)3(2+) present in the detection cell and the ITO electrode biased at 1.7 V (vs. platinum wire reference), the test analytes can be efficiently separated and sensitively detected by the developed CE-ECL system. Linearity (r > or = 0.995) over two orders of magnitude and an average number of theoretical plates of 160 000/m were generally obtained. Reproducibility on peak height and migration times (n = 42) was 3.3% and 1.2% for tripropylamine, and 2.4% and 1.5% for proline, respectively. The detection limits were in the range of 2-5 microM (1-2 fmol) for the test analytes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A simple and low‐cost electrochemiluminescence detector for capillary electrophoresis

Chiang

Whang

2003

Electrophoresis

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“…To overcome the interference of ECL signals from HV, which is applied to drive the separation, an electric field decoupler (off-column modes) is employed to isolate the ECL detection from CE HV [20][21][22][23]. However, introduction of a decoupler to a CE system is not easy and timeconsuming.…”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of tertiary amines based on pH junctions and field amplification in capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection

2005

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A stacking approach based on pH junction and field amplification has been developed for determining amines by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection. A two-electrode configuration was employed with an indium/tin oxide-coated glass as a working electrode and a platinum wire as a pseudoreference electrode. The ECL system also contains a flow cell (poly(dimethylsiloxane)-aluminum oxide) that was made from a mixture of Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer, a curing agent, and aluminum oxide. In order to improve the sensitivity of the present CE-ECL system using tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3) (2+)), a stacking approach based on pH junctions and field amplification has been tested for the analysis of triethylamine (TEA), tripropylamine (TPA), and tributylamine (TBA). Once amines (cations) prepared in citric acid solution (pH < 4.0) migrate towards the background electrolyte (15 mM sodium borate at pH 8.0), they slow down and are stacked at the boundary as a result of deprotonation and decreases in the electric field. By applying hydrodynamic injection of the sample for 60 s, this method provides the concentration limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of 24, 20, and 32 nM for TEA, TPA, and TBA, respectively. The results indicate that the stacking CE-ECL system is better than CE-ECL systems using a two-electrode configuration and comparable to those using a three-electrode configuration. The potential applicability of the new and low-cost CE-ECL system has been demonstrated by the determination of 1.0 microM lidocaine, a local anesthetic drug, in urine without any tedious sample preparation.

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Recent advancements in amino acid analysis using capillary electrophoresis

Smith

1999

Electrophoresis

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Chemiluminescent detection of amines and amino acids using in situ generated Ru(bpy)33+ following separation by capillary electrophoresis

Cited by 57 publications

References 33 publications

A simple and low‐cost electrochemiluminescence detector for capillary electrophoresis

A simple and low‐cost electrochemiluminescence detector for capillary electrophoresis

Determination of tertiary amines based on pH junctions and field amplification in capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection

Recent advancements in amino acid analysis using capillary electrophoresis

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