Chemiluminescence, Electrogenerated

Abstract

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) is the process in which electrogenerated species undergo electron transfer reactions to form excited states that emit light. Many molecules have the potential to produce ECL, however Ru(bpy) 3 2+ (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) is the most common emitter used for analytical applications. Application of a voltage to an electrode in the presence of an emitter induces light production and allows for the detection of the emitter at very low concentrations. Advantages over other analytical methods include low backgrounds, precise spatial and temporal control over the emission, and the possibility of signal amplification. Commercial systems exist that use ECL to detect numerous clinically relevant analytes with high sensitivity using a variety of assay formats.

Electrochemiluminescence of dipicolinic acid (DPA) and (bpy)2Ru(DPA)+ (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine)

“…Ru(bpy) 3 Cl 2 •6H 2 O and (bpy) 2 RuCl 2 were obtained from Strem Chemicals (Newbury Port, MA). DPA was from Sigma (Milwaukee, WI).…”

“…The coreactant is also oxidized and, upon deprotonation of an α-carbon from one of the propyl groups, produces a reducing agent [ ). Several excellent reviews on ECL have appeared (1)(2)(3)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). (21,22) and has also been used to suggest the presence of anthrax spores by fluorescence spectroscopy (23)(24)(25).…”

“…ECL co-reactants are species that, upon electrochemical oxidation or reduction, produce intermediates that react with other compounds to produce excited states capable of emitting light (4)(5)(6). For example, in the Ru(bpy) 3 2+ -TPrA (TPrA = tri-n-propyl amine) system (7), an anodic potential oxidizes Ru(bpy) 3 2+ to Ru(bpy) 3 3+ . The coreactant is also oxidized and, upon deprotonation of an α-carbon from one of the propyl groups, produces a reducing agent [ ).…”

Mapping Electrochemiluminescence as Generated at Double‐Band Microelectrodes by Confocal Microscopy under Steady State

“…9,10-diphenylanthracene and perylene) or organometallic compounds such as ruthenium(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridine). [1][2][3] Several tandem systems involving more complex kinetic frameworks have also been reported. [4,5] Electron transfer can be initiated by adding a strong reductant, called co-reactant, to a solution of RuA C H T U N G T R E N N U N G (bpy) 3 2 + which is electrochemically oxidized.…”

Applications of Electrochemiluminescence

“…Many efforts have been taken to improve sensitivity and extend applications of ECL immunoassays [3]. ECL intensity depends upon the concentration of emitter and analyte [4,5], so can be used to analyze the concentration of both.…”