Chemically modifying the mechanical properties of core–shell liquid metal nanoparticles

Morris, Nicholas J.; Farrell, Zachary; Tabor, Christopher E.

doi:10.1039/c9nr06369b

Cited by 52 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…However, studies investigating gallium and gallium-indium eutectics for liquid metal applications indicate that observed gallium spheres are typically covered by a gallium oxide shell. [34][35][36][37][38] These shells form upon exposure of gallium to even trace amounts of oxygen, and prevent the individual gallium particles from agglomerating to larger-sized entities. 39,40 As our recorded EDX spectrum does not show any peak for oxygen, these oxide shells are presumed to be very thin.…”

Section: Electrodeposition Of Metallic Galliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical behavior and electrodeposition of gallium in 1,2-dimethoxyethane-based electrolytes

Monnens

Lin

Deferm

et al. 2021

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Section: Electrodeposition Of Metallic Galliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical behavior and electrodeposition of gallium in 1,2-dimethoxyethane-based electrolytes

Monnens

Lin

Deferm

et al. 2021

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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“…This may be challenging due to the small size of the particles, which are effectively more rigid than larger particles due to the relative increase in oxide per particle (i.e., smaller particles have more surface area per unit mass than larger particles). [51,101] Smaller particles also have a smaller radius of curvature. Thus, smaller particles require greater applied forces to sinter, and particles less than 70 nm in diameter cannot be sintered at room temperature.…”

Section: Inkjet Printing Lm Particles In Suspensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Metal Direct Write and 3D Printing: A Review

Neumann

Dickey

2020

Adv Materials Technologies

209

170

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This review discusses methods, challenges, and opportunities for direct‐write and 3D printing of low melting point, gallium‐based liquid metal alloys at room temperature. Alloys of gallium exhibit high conductivity and high stretchability making them well suited for use in soft circuitry for stretchable electronics and soft robotics. In addition, the liquid nature of the metal enables entirely new ways to pattern metals at room temperature; herein, the focus is placed on additive printing via nozzle‐based methods. Room temperature printing of liquid metals enables rapid fabrication of complex geometries (with dimensions as small as 10 µm) on a wide range of materials, such as polymers. These processes can be used to make metallic conductors for devices with self‐healing capabilities, soft/stretchable electrodes, and sensors.

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“…dodecylphosphonic acid, 11-phosphonoundecanoic acid, silanes) chemically and/or physically bond with the native oxide layer of LM. [109,110] Such surface modifications can tune the thickness of the oxide from 1.28 to 4.46 nm. [109] Due to the increase in oxide skin thickness, elastic modulus increases from 0.37 to 1.38 GPa and also stiffness increases from 0.05 AE 0.03 to 2.90 AE 0.51 N m À1 .…”

Section: Surface Modification Using Ligand Bindingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[109,110] Such surface modifications can tune the thickness of the oxide from 1.28 to 4.46 nm. [109] Due to the increase in oxide skin thickness, elastic modulus increases from 0.37 to 1.38 GPa and also stiffness increases from 0.05 AE 0.03 to 2.90 AE 0.51 N m À1 . The presence of ligands can narrow the size distribution of particles formed by sonication relative to LM particles formed without ligands.…”

Section: Surface Modification Using Ligand Bindingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Modification of Gallium‐Based Liquid Metals: Mechanisms and Applications in Biomedical Sensors and Soft Actuators

Kwon

Truong

Krisnadi

et al. 2020

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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This review focuses on surface modifications of liquid metal (LM). Gallium (Ga) and Ga-based LMs show the promising ability to maintain metallic properties under large mechanical strains when encapsulated inside an elastomer matrix. [1-7] This property is useful in a variety of applications, including wearable/deformable devices, sensors, and soft actuators-the focus of this special issue. There are several motives for creating soft and stretchable devices. For example, devices that are soft and flexible can make conformal contact to human skin for continuous and long-term monitoring. [8-11] Likewise, devices assembled on or within soft robots can maintain function during actuation (bending or stretching) while sensing dynamic motion. Conventional conductors in electronic systems are typically rigid (e.g., copper) and thus poorly suited for soft and stretchable devices. To address this issue, efforts have been taken to create stretchable and deformable conductors using thin metal films with special geometries [12-14] (e.g., pop-up and serpentine electrodes) on a deformable substrate or polymer composites filled with conductive nanomaterials in a stretchable matrix. [15,16] These approaches effectively render rigid materials stretchable through clever engineering of their geometry. However, due to the inherently nonstretchable nature of solid metal films or solid conductive particles, these components/inclusions would add to the overall rigidity of the composite and limit their deformability. LMs are interesting as stretchable conductors because they have metallic conductivity and deformability defined primarily by the encasing material (e.g., elastomer).

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Chemically modifying the mechanical properties of core–shell liquid metal nanoparticles

Abstract: Eutectic gallium–indium is a room temperature liquid metal that can be readily fabricated into nanoparticles. These particles form a thin, passivating oxide shell that can be chemically modified to change the mechanical properties of the particle.

Cited by 52 publications

References 42 publications

Electrochemical behavior and electrodeposition of gallium in 1,2-dimethoxyethane-based electrolytes

Electrochemical behavior and electrodeposition of gallium in 1,2-dimethoxyethane-based electrolytes

Liquid Metal Direct Write and 3D Printing: A Review

Surface Modification of Gallium‐Based Liquid Metals: Mechanisms and Applications in Biomedical Sensors and Soft Actuators

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