Chemically Modified Oxide Electrodes

Abstract

The sections in this article are Introduction Electrode Preparation General: Transparent Conducting Oxide Films Cleaning of Substrate Surfaces Cleaning with Solvents Cleaning by Heating and Irradiation Cleaning by Stripping Lacquer Coatings Cleaning in an Electrical Discharge Cleaning Cycles Cleaning of Organic Glass Chemical Methods of Film Deposition Spraying Pyrolysis Chemical Vapor Deposition Sol‐gel Process Physical Methods of Film Deposition Evaporation Sputtering Reactive Ion Plating Pulsed Laser Deposition Other Techniques The Properties of Transparent Conducting Oxide Electrode Surfaces Electrode Modification General SnO 2 ITO ZnO TiO 2 and ZrO 2 Polypyridyl Ru Complexes and Organic Dyes as Sensitizers Short‐chain Alkanoic and Benzoic Acids Long‐chain Organic Acids Other Oxides Organosilanization General Wide Bandgap Transparent Conducting Oxide Electrodes SnO 2 TiO 2 and ZrO 2 ZnO ITO Large Bandgap Oxide Electrodes Potential Applications Tuning the Work Function of Electrodes Correlation of Device Performance with Changes in the Work Function Other Possible Applications SnO 2 ITO ZnO TiO 2 Other Oxides Summary Acknowledgement

Surface Functionalization of Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Samples through Electrochemical Grafting

“…Such reactions involve silanes, 31−33 phosphonic acids, 34 or other small molecules. 24,30 There are evidences, for instance, that indium tin oxide (ITO) modified surface increases electron transfer properties, 35 optimizes light trapping, 36,37 allows tuning surface roughness and tribological properties via any plasma activation. 38,39 However, there are still unsolved problems mainly related to long-term and thermal stability, reproducibility of the treatment, chemical surface homogeneity after modification, and controlled protocols for monolayer formation.…”

Stability of Chemically Modified Indium–Tin–Oxide Surfaces against Water

“…4a,8b To the best of our knowledge, none have studied stability of the chemically modified surfaces with acid chlorides in detail. 5 In this work, the degradation processes of the chemically modified as well as oxidized ITO surfaces with UV ozone (ITO(uv)) were studied by measuring the time change in or water contact angle (CA) after exposure of freshly prepared samples to various environments. In particular, we focused our attention on the effect of water in the environments.…”

“…[4][5][6] Therefore, changing the work function () of these oxide electrodes has been attempted by surface treatment with adsorption of acids and bases, 7 self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation with polar adsorbate molecules, 8 and exposure to O 2 plasma 9 or UV ozone. 10 Among them, we have demonstrated tuning by chemical modification of ITO surfaces with various acid chloride (i.e., -SO 2 Cl, -COCl, and -PO 2 Cl 2 ) binding groups of para-substituted benzene derivatives.…”

“…4 As optically transparent electrode materials for these optoelectronic devices, indium-tin-oxide (ITO) or SnO 2 has been used widely. 5 However, for enhanced hole injection and open-circuit voltages, matching between the Fermi level of the oxide electrode and the highest occupied molecular orbital level of the organic layer is required. [4][5][6] However, acid treatment was not reliable and an abrupt decrease of was observed.…”

Improvement of Open-Circuit Voltage in Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Chemically Modified Indium-Tin Oxide

“…Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) is the most widely used as a transparent anode in organic PV cells due to its high conductivity, work function, and transparency in the visible spectral range [6]. Thus, various surface treatments of ITO have been attempted to change the work function of ITO in order to improve the properties of ITO substrates and control the charge injection barrier height reviewed in previous reports [20,21]. Although a number of groups have shown that chemical modification of ITO can be used to optimize the performance of organic lightemitting diodes (OLEDs) [20,21], there have been limited attempts to use chemical modification or chemically selfassembled monolayers (SAMs) in organic PV cells [22,23].…”