Chemically Modified Chitosans

Muzzarelli, A. A.; Agrawal, Om P.; Casu, Benito; Colombo, Michela; Compagnoni, T.; Domard, Alain; Domszy, J. C.; Ebina, Akira; Focher, B.; Fujii, Keisuke; Gadelle, A.; Gervasini, Antonella; Hirano, Seishiro; Kondo, Yôtaro; Konrad, E.; Lang, G.; Maekita, Y.; Massoli, A.; Morazzoni, Franca; Naggi, Annamaria; A, Nishi; Nishimura, Sadako; Pivari, E.; Rinaudo, Marguerite; Roberts, George A. F.; Scheller, Klaus; Tokura, Seiichi; Torri, Giangiacomo; Tsutsumi, Atsushi; Wendel, Hans Peter; Wood, Frances A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2167-5_38

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 34 publications

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“…Therefore, many studies have paid attention to modify their chemical structure (Austin 1984;Kienzle-Sterzer et al 1984;Muzzarelli et al 1986b;Skjåk-Braek et al 1989;Roberts 1992b, c;Zhang et al 1993;Hudson and Smith 1998). Often, the methods of modification are adapted from the cellulose world (Muzzarelli et al 1986c;Kurita 2001Kurita , 2006Rinaudo 2006;Harish Prashanth and Tharanathan 2007;Mourya and Inamdar 2008;Kim and Venkatesan 2014). Chitosan has three types of reactive functional groups: two hydroxyl groups on C-3 and C-6 in each repeating unit and one amino group on C-2 in each deacetylated unit (Fig.…”

Section: Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals and Applications of Chitosan

Morin‐Crini

Lichtfouse

Torri

et al. 2019

Sustainable Agriculture Reviews

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Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable material on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans, e.g. crabs, lobsters and shrimps, and insects, the radulae of molluscs, cephalopod beaks, and the scales of fish and lissamphibians. The discovery of chitin in 1811 is attributed to Henri Braconnot while the history of chitosan dates back to 1859 with the work of Charles Rouget. The name of chitosan was, however, introduced in 1894 by Felix Hoppe-Seyler. Because of its particular macromolecular structure, biocompatibility, biodegradability and other intrinsic functional properties, chitosan has attracted major scientific and industrial interests from the late 1970s. Chitosan and its derivatives have practical applications in food industry, agriculture, pharmacy, medicine, cosmetology, textile and paper industries, and chemistry. In the last two decades, chitosan has also received much attention in numerous other fields such as dentistry, ophthalmology, biomedicine and bio-imaging, hygiene and personal care, veterinary medicine, packaging industry, agrochemistry, aquaculture, functional textiles and cosmetotextiles, catalysis, chromatography, beverage industry, photography, wastewater treatment and sludge dewatering, and biotechnology. Nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals are actually growing markets, and therapeutic and biomedical products should be the next markets in the development of chitosan. Chitosan is also the object of numerous fundamental studies. An indication of the widespread exploitation and constantly growing importance of this biopolymer is the total of over 58,625 scientific articles published between 2000 and 2017. In this chapter, after a description of chitosan fundamentals, we highlight selected works on chitosan applications published over the last two decades.

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Section: Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals and Applications of Chitosan

Morin‐Crini

Lichtfouse

Torri

et al. 2019

Sustainable Agriculture Reviews

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Chitin and its derivative as supports for immobilization of enzymes

Krajewska

1991

Acta Biotechnologica

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The ideal enzyme support should show high affinity to proteins, availability of reactive groups for dircct reactions with proteins or for chemical modifications, easiness of preparing in different physical forms, nontoxicity and physiological compatability if required (food industry, biomedicine), as well as low cost. Chitin and its derivatives fullfil most of these requirements. The paper reviews enzymes immobilized on chitin and its derivatives along with techniques applied for their immobilization.

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Metal recovery using chitosan

Onsøyen¹,

Skaugrud²

1990

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

273

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Chitosan is a natural polycationic polymer which possesses valuable properties as a metal recovering and water purifying agent. Applications are —waste water treatment for heavy metal and radio isotope removal and valuable metal recovery, —potable water purification for reduction of unwanted metals, —agriculture—controlled release of trace metals essential to plant growth, —food—complex binding of iron in precooked food to reduce ‘warmed‐over flavour’. The interactions of metals with chitosan are complex, probably simultaneously dominated by adsorption, ion‐exchange and chelation. To study this it is of utmost importance to work with well characterized chitosans. This has been a problem as available characterizing methodology is limited. Degree of polymerization and deacetylation and the distribution of acetyl groups along the polymer chain is of crucial importance for chitosan metal interacting characteristics. Making chemical derivatives is a way to alter the metal interacting characteristics of chitosan. Chitosan possesses general coagulant/flocculant characteristics towards bio‐molecules and surfaces.

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Chemically Modified Chitosans

Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

Fundamentals and Applications of Chitosan

Fundamentals and Applications of Chitosan

Chitin and its derivative as supports for immobilization of enzymes

Metal recovery using chitosan

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