Chemically induced bacterial ghosts: a novel approach for advancing biomedical applications

Abstract

Background Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty cell envelopes derived from bacteria, making them safe and non-replicative, and BGs have shown great potential as a vaccine platform. Specifically, chemically induced BGs are generated by selectively removing the cytoplasmic content of bacterial cells while preserving the structural integrity of the cell envelope. Objective Generally, BGs are genetically engineered, but this is limited to Gram-negative bacteria. However, the utilization of chemically induced BGs can be extended to Gram-positive bacteria, resulting in empty bacterial envelopes that hold potential as a platform for drug delivery. Results Chemically induced BGs offer several advantages, including improved safety profile and immunogenicity, and efficient antigen presentation. Preclinical studies have yielded promising results, exhibiting enhanced immune responses and protection against diverse pathogens. Conclusion Chemically induced BGs represent a novel and promising approach for vaccine development, holding the potential for advancing disease prevention and public health. Purpose of review In this review, we discuss key aspects of chemically induced BGs, including their production principles, mechanisms of formation, characterization techniques, immunogenicity, and medical applications. We also discuss the challenges and direction of future research for optimizing production methods for chemically induced BGs, evaluating long-term safety, and undertaking clinical trials to assess their efficacy.