“…Climate change poses a severe threat to China's water security, as extreme precipitation events become more frequent, such as high precipitation events in Beijing in 2012, and more recently in Henan in 2021, which resulted in billions of dollars in economic losses (Mingzhong et al, 2017;Li et al, 2019;Xie et al, 2015;Hsu et al, 2022). The long-term patterns in EASM rainfall in the Yellow River Basin (YWRB) were driven by variations in air circulation over the Pacific Ocean, such as the ENSO cycle and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phase transition, which may thrive as measurable factors in the prediction of future EASM rainfall (Li et al, 2023a). The links between extreme precipitation and ENSO depend on magnitude, regions, and seasons (Wei et al, 2012).…”