Chemical variability in propolis from Santiago del Estero, Argentina, related to the arboreal environment as the sources of resins

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Propolis composition is extremely variable and depends on the plant resin sources that grow around the apiary. Polyphenols have been reported to be responsible of its pharmacological and biological properties. The contents of polyphenols and flavonoid aglycones were studied in propolis from different provenances to correlate these contents with the nature of the flora surrounding the hive.

The in vitro antifungal evaluation of a commercial extract of Chilean propolis against six fungi of agricultural importance

“…The total polyphenol and flavonoid concentrations are similar to those reported by Vidal et al (2009) and Herrera et al (2010) who also evaluated Chilean commercial ethanol extracts of propolis and were similar to those reported in samples of Argentine (Bedascarrasbure et al, 2004Chaillou and Nazareno, 2009) and Brazilian propolis (Castro et al, 2007).…”

“…The observed variability can be explained by the EEPs of a homemade product for which there is not requirement to declare the extraction process. In addition, the composition of propolis is influenced by the flora surrounding the apiary (Chaillou and Nazareno, 2009;Agüero et al, 2010), the geographical features and local climatic (Seidel et al, 2008) and seasonal effects (Valencia et al, 2012). The exogenous factors are related to the extraction by the beekeeper and include the harvest season (Simões-Ambrosio et al, 2010), the method used (Sales et al, 2006), the type of extractant (Tosi et al, 1996;Longhini et al, 2007) and the extractant concentration (Dos Santos et al, 2003).…”

Effects of season and altitude on biological active certain phenolic compounds levels and partial standardization of propolis

“…The apigenin levels were higher when compared with the levels reported in Finland (20), Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia (5), and in Italy, Macedonia, Ukraine, Argentina and China (16). The results were similar to those measured in Serbia (25), whereas the results extremely low than maximum level in Argentina (10). Naringenin is also a typical chemical constituent of poplar-type propolis (24).…”

“…Pinocembrin may be a novel therapy to reduce cerebral ischemia injury due potentially to its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects (14). Although the pinocembrin levels measured in our study were higher than the reported levels in Italy, Macedonia, Ukraine, Argentina, China (16), Serbia (25), Bosnia and Herzegovina (5) and Finland (20), the mean pinocembrin levels were lower than the maximum reported pinocembrin levels in Croatia (5) and Argentina (10). The apigenin levels were higher when compared with the levels reported in Finland (20), Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia (5), and in Italy, Macedonia, Ukraine, Argentina and China (16).…”

“…The flavonoid galangin was detected in all samples as a major compound. The mean levels of galangin were higher than the detected levels in Italy, Macedonia, Ukraine, Argentina and China (16) and also in Argentina (10). The galangin results were lower than those determined in Serbia (25) and Croatia (5), and were similar found in Macedonia (5).…”