Chemical Vapor Deposition of Organic-Inorganic Bismuth-Based Perovskite Films for Solar Cell Application

Sanders, Simon; Stümmler, Dominik; Pfeiffer, Pascal; Ackermann, N.; Simkus, G.; Heuken, M.; Baumann, P. K.; Vescan, A.; Kalisch, H.

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46199-4

Cited by 55 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Interestingly, in our study both conditions lead to a compact multicrystalline film, but the grain size is highly dependent on the MAI:BiI 3 ratios, changing from crystallites of around 50 nm for film 3, to a crystallite size over 300 nm for film 4. This dependence is also observed in MBI layers deposited by CVD, which grain crystal size increases twofold by increasing the MAI content in the film 36 . www.nature.com/scientificreports/…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Co-evaporation as an optimal technique towards compact methylammonium bismuth iodide layers

Momblona

Kanda

Mensi

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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the most studied perovskite-based solar cells reported up to date contain the toxic lead in its composition. photovoltaic research and development towards non-toxic, lead-free perovskite solar cells are critical to finding alternatives to reduce human health concerns associated with them. Bismuth-based perovskite variants, especially in the form of methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBi), is a good candidate for the non-toxic light absorber. However, the reported perovskite variant MBI thin films prepared by the solution process so far suffers from poor morphology and surface coverage. In this work, we investigate for the first time the optoelectronic, crystallographic and morphological properties of MBI thin films prepared via thermal co-evaporation of MAI and BiI 3. We find by modifying the precursor ratio that the layer with pure MBI composition lead to uniform, compact and homogeneous layers, broadening the options of deposition techniques for lead-free based perovskite solar cells. Organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising candidates for the next generation of photovoltaics (PV) given their unprecedented rise in power conversion efficiency (PCE) achieving 25.2% 1 Beyond their superior optoelectronic properties, low cost and high versatility 2-5 , their instability and lead toxicity are at present major concerns, which greatly limit their incorporation into marketable products. Significant efforts are therefore oriented into the search of stable and non-toxic perovskite materials, yet real alternatives based on lead-free components are still missing. Among the various lead-free perovskites variants proposed in the literature, Sn-based materials have demonstrated promising efficiencies leading to a PCE value of 9.6% 6. However, Sn-based perovskites suffer from inevitable oxidation of Sn 2+ to Sn 4+ , providing a source of inhomogeneity and pinholes that are further enhanced by their fast crystallization 7. As a result, the most straightforward candidates possessing similar electronic properties to Pb 2+ , which are suitable for light-harvesting, are Ge 2+ , Sb 3+ or Bi 3+ cations. While Ge-based perovskites suffer from material instability due to hydrolytic decomposition in humid environment 8-10 , Sb-based perovskites show limited photovoltaic performances in spite of their good chemical stability 8. Bismuth is a heavy metal with a stable oxidation state, little toxicity, and a similar polarizable electron density than Pb 11. Thanks to the formation of BiX 6 3− octahedron, it can also form perovskites with diverse dimensionalities and phases, from which methylammonium bismuth iodide ((CH 3 NH 3) 3 Bi 2 I 9 , MBI) is at the forefront 9. MBI is a wide-bandgap semiconductor with a zero-dimensional structure having reduced toxicity, high stability and promising photovoltaic efficiency 12. Despite such remarkable potential, its use is limited by the low quality of the films resulted from conventional spin-coating deposition, which produces non-compact MBI layers with poor coverage and crysta...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Co-evaporation as an optimal technique towards compact methylammonium bismuth iodide layers

Momblona

Kanda

Mensi

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The first principle calculations based on DFT have revealed that the Bi-based perovskites could be engineered to better bandgaps and have superior absorption coefficients than its lead counterparts. Separately, Sanders et al, have also reported on a novel chemical vapor deposition method to fabricate Bi-based perovskite solar cells that could potentially pave way for large scale and cost-effective commercial markets [87].…”

Section: Bismuth-based Perovskitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite Materials: Recent Advancements and Challenges

Chilvery¹,

Palwai²,

Guggilla³

et al. 2020

Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration

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In the past decade, hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIP) have emerged as the exotic materials for the futuristic photovoltaics. The viability of lowtemperature, solution-processed manufacturing and a unique blend of electronic and optical properties that has further indicated its goal towards a potential commercialization. This article clearly articulates the emergence of HOIPs and various challenges such as toxicity, hysteresis in these devices. Additionally, this chapter also makes an effort to highlight the advancements made in the perovskite materials for solar cells in the recent years, that include the Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phase that has enabled us reach the power conversion efficiency of 28%. This phase is reportedly a lower dimensional structure than the conventional HOIP and exhibit better stability than the latter. This chapter also focuses to elucidate a few challenges of these RP phased HOIPs such as its synthesis, stoichiometry and process-ability in integrating the organic and inorganic entities.

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“…[ 19 ] Some research groups have also synthesized phase‐pure MBI perovskite films by various methods, such as solution processing and vapor evaporation, and investigated the surface morphologies, crystal structures, and optoelectronic properties. [ 20,21 ] Jain et al. have reported an increased PCE to 3.17% in Bi based PSCs (Bi‐PSCs), though the MBI perovskite absorber in the n–i–p device structure was thermally evaporated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Inorganic NiO_x Hole Transport Layer on the Growth of CsBi₃I₁₀ Perovskite Films for Photovoltaic Applications

Mariyappan

Islam

Subashchandran

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Inter

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Lead (Pb)‐free bismuth (Bi) halide perovskites are promising alternatives to Pb‐based ones for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the energy‐level mismatch at the interface between Bi perovskite (CsBi3I10;CBI) and the charge carrier transport layer limits the performance of the PSCs. Here, spray pyrolysis processed nickel oxide (sp‐NiOx) is reported as a hole transport layer (HTL) for CBI‐based inverted planar PSCs. Influence of inorganic NiOx HTL is systematically studied on the structural and morphological properties of the CBI perovskite layer growth. The CBI perovskite deposited on top of the sp‐NiOx exhibits improved crystallinity. The fabricated sp‐NiOx layer also exhibits favorable optical and electrical properties. The deep valence band (−5.4 eV) of the sp‐NiOx HTL is able to reduce the energy‐level mismatch up to 0.3 eV at the interface with the CBI layer. The PSCs fabricated with sp‐NiOx as HTL also exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.72%, with a short‐circuit current density of 2.89 mA cm−2. The sp‐NiOx HTL based device maintains 85% of its initial PCE value even after 100 h of light soaking. This work highlights the importance of having a suitable HTL along with appropriate interface engineering for the Bi halide photovoltaic devices.

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Chemical Vapor Deposition of Organic-Inorganic Bismuth-Based Perovskite Films for Solar Cell Application

Cited by 55 publications

References 34 publications

Co-evaporation as an optimal technique towards compact methylammonium bismuth iodide layers

Co-evaporation as an optimal technique towards compact methylammonium bismuth iodide layers

Perovskite Materials: Recent Advancements and Challenges

Influence of Inorganic NiO_x Hole Transport Layer on the Growth of CsBi₃I₁₀ Perovskite Films for Photovoltaic Applications

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Chemical Vapor Deposition of Organic-Inorganic Bismuth-Based Perovskite Films for Solar Cell Application

Cited by 55 publications

References 34 publications

Co-evaporation as an optimal technique towards compact methylammonium bismuth iodide layers

Co-evaporation as an optimal technique towards compact methylammonium bismuth iodide layers

Perovskite Materials: Recent Advancements and Challenges

Influence of Inorganic NiOx Hole Transport Layer on the Growth of CsBi3I10 Perovskite Films for Photovoltaic Applications

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Influence of Inorganic NiO_x Hole Transport Layer on the Growth of CsBi₃I₁₀ Perovskite Films for Photovoltaic Applications