Chemical, Thermal Stability, Seal Swell, and Emissions Studies of Alternative Jet Fuels

Corporan, Edwin; Edwards, Tim; Shafer, Linda; DeWitt, Matthew J.; Klingshirn, Christopher; Zabarnick, Steven; West, Zachary J.; Striebich, Richard C.; Graham, John L.; Klein, Joshua

doi:10.1021/ef101520v

Cited by 239 publications

(256 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…2 yielded a composition estimate for both the CHRJ and THRJ fuels of 10% n-paraffins and 90% iso-paraffins when cycloparaffins are neglected. This estimation is consistent with data in the literature [4], and has been chosen as basis for setting the 2-component surrogate fuel composition. Considering the average molecular formulae presented in Section 2.3 and the TIC data for the fuels, we propose using a surrogate fuel blend of two C 12 hydrocarbons: 10% n-dodecane and 90% 2-methylundecane.…”

Section: Kinetic Modeling For Hrj Fuel Surrogatesupporting

confidence: 67%

“…The other peaks correspond to iso-paraffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics (15.7 vol.%). The TICs for the HRJ fuels are distinctly different, and the data show evidence of the high ratio of branched to normal paraffinic content that is characteristic of HRJ fuels [4,14]. In fact, these HRJ fuels are expected to consist almost entirely of branched and normal paraffins with aromatics and olefins together comprising less than 1% of the fuel blend.…”

Section: Test Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TIC data have been analyzed to estimate that the camelina HRJ and tallow HRJ fuels both have a branched to normal paraffin mass ratio of approximately 90:10 [14]. Although not apparent in the TIC data, cycloparaffins do constitute a small amount of the CHRJ (10 vol.%) and THRJ (2 vol.%) fuels [4]. For testing and analysis purposes, the fuel average molecular formulae are estimated using the methods of Rao et al [15] …”

Section: Test Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although it is true that additional n-paraffin content will impart enhanced reactivity to the fuel blend, it is difficult to be conclusive about this finding with only limited experimental data. The authors state this because the THRJ fuel also has less cycloparaffinic content [4] at 2 vol.% relative to the CHRJ fuel where cycloparaffins comprise 10 vol.%, and a larger fraction of the THRJ fuel is shifted toward higher hydrocarbons than for the CHRJ fuel. This shift is evident in the TIC data in Fig.…”

Section: Comparison Of Conventional and Biosynthetic Paraffinic Kerosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S-8, the synthetic F-T alternative to conventional JP-8, has been approved for use in 50/ 50 blends with JP-8 in virtually all USAF aircraft [3]. Tests to certify 50/50 blends of hydrotreated renewable jet (HRJ) fuel with JP-8 are ongoing [4], which will provide a renewable fuel stream for powering USAF aircraft in the future. The certification process may be aided by simulations that predict combustion behavior such as autoignition response, flame speed, and extinction limits; however, only limited data has been reported in the literature that could support and validate these types of models for biosynthetic and synthetic jet fuels [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ignition behavior and surrogate modeling of JP-8 and of camelina and tallow hydrotreated renewable jet fuels at low temperatures

Allen

Valco

Toulson

et al. 2013

Combustion and Flame

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Tonghun, "Ignition behavior and surrogate modeling of JP-8 and of camelina and tallow hydrotreated renewable jet fuels at low temperatures" (2012 b s t r a c tThe autoignition characteristics of the conventional jet fuel, JP-8, and the alternative jet fuels, camelina and tallow hydrotreated renewable jet (HRJ) fuels, are investigated using a rapid compression machine and the direct test chamber charge preparation approach. Ignition delay measurements are made at low compressed temperatures (625 K 6 T c 6 730 K), compressed pressures of p c = 5, 10, and 20 bar, and equivalence ratios of / = 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 in air. The HRJ fuels ignite more readily than JP-8 for all tested conditions, consistent with derived cetane number data in the literature. The camelina and tallow HRJ fuels exhibit similar autoignition characteristics, but the two fuels can be distinguished under stoichiometric conditions. Kinetic modeling is conducted with a 2-component surrogate (10% n-dodecane/90% 2-methylundecane) and a single component surrogate (2-methylnonane) to evaluate the potential to predict ignition behavior of the HRJ fuels. Modeling results indicate that the surrogate fuels can only provide useful predictions at a limited set of conditions (p c = 5 bar and / = 1.0), and that the agreement of the model and experimental data improves with decreasing compressed pressure. Under most conditions, the 2-component surrogate provides better prediction of ignition behavior, but the single component surrogate is superior at low pressures near the negative temperature coefficient region.

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Section: Kinetic Modeling For Hrj Fuel Surrogatesupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Test Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Of Conventional and Biosynthetic Paraffinic Kerosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ignition behavior and surrogate modeling of JP-8 and of camelina and tallow hydrotreated renewable jet fuels at low temperatures

Allen

Valco

Toulson

et al. 2013

Combustion and Flame

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p‐Menthadienes as Biorenewable Feedstocks for a Monoterpene‐Based Biorefinery

Tibbetts

Bull

2021

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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the upgrading of biomass into biofuels and platform chemicals will need to be developed and integrated into new/existing chemical processes. [2] The large volumes and wide geographical distribution of lignocellulosic biomass means that it will undoubtedly play a key role as a biorenewable feedstock for bulk chemical production. [3] In this approach, fermentative processes are used to depolymerize lignocellulose biomass into sugars (e.g., glucose and fructose), with these monomers then transformed into low-value feedstocks such as bioethanol, succinic acid, glutamic acid, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. [4] Although highly promising, technological difficulties associated with large-scale catalytic upgrading of these highly oxygenated biopolymers cause significant problems that still need to be overcome before lignocellulose-based biorefineries become more widely established. [5] Monoterpenes (and monoterpenoids) represent an alternative biomass source for the production of biofuels, polymers, and chemicals that are available in significant volumes at low cost. Significant amounts of commercially available monoterpenes are currently produced as products and waste from the forestry and agricultural industries, all of which can be considered as potentially useful biorenewable feedstocks for fuel and chemical production. These include turpentine (≈360 000 tonnes pa), limonene-containing citrus oil (≈30 000 tonnes pa), mentholcontaining mint oil (≈20 000 tonnes pa), and 1,8-cineole from eucalyptus oil (≈7000 tonnes pa with an estimated multimillion tonne production potential per annum). [6] The structures of these energy-dense, lightly oxygenated, alkene-containing C 10 building blocks more closely resemble those of petroleum-based hydrocarbons, which means they can potentially be catalytically upgraded using existing refining technologies to produce a wide range of chemical products (including aromatics).Crude sulfate turpentine (CST) is the cheapest and most widely available source of monoterpene biomass, with around 260 000 tonnes of CST produced as a waste by-product of the paper industry annually. High pressure cooking of wood chips to produce paper pulp in the Kraft process generates around 15 kg of CST per tonne of pulp, [7] which is comprised of a mixture of monoterpenes and around 5% volatile sulfur compounds (e.g., Me 2 S). [6a] A further annual 100 000 tonnes of pinene-rich gum turpentine (GT) is also produced through sustainable tapping of the trunks of living trees. The major monoterpene components of turpentine are α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, and limonene, along with small amounts of camphene and C 15 A terpene-based biorefinery is described that uses crude sulfate turpentine (CST) and gum turpentine (GT) to produce mixtures of p-menthadienes (p-MeDs) as biorenewable terpene feedstocks. An acid catalyzed ring opening reaction (6 m aq. H 2 SO 4 , 90 °C) is first used to convert the major bicyclic monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, and 3-carene) in untreated CST (or GT with 5 mol% Me 2 S) into mixtures of ...

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Influence of liquid media on lifetime predictions of nitrile rubber

Buckley

Roland²

2013

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Evaluating a material's suitability for an application includes determination of its expected service lifetime. For alternative fuels, this entails assessing, inter alia, their effect on the durability of polymeric engine components, e.g., seals, gaskets, and O-rings. When this is governed by thermally activated chemical deterioration, the conventional approach to characterizing aging is laboratory measurements of property changes of the polymer subjected to accelerated conditions (usually higher temperatures), with the data analyzed by an Arrhenius analysis. However, this method is inefficient and time-consuming when the number of candidate alternative fuels is large. Herein, we test the hypothesis that the activation energy governing thermal oxidation of elastomeric engine components is independent of the fuel; thus, while the aging rate may vary, the effect of temperature is independent of the contacting liquid. Accelerated testing of the thermal oxidation of nitrile rubber O-rings were carried out in three liquids, including a fossil fuel and a bio-fuel. The activation energy obtained from changes in crosslink density, 5 82 kJ/mol, was the same for all liquids and consistent with the broad range of literature values for similar compounds aged in air. This result suggests the possibility that estimates of the lifetime of polymeric engine components require only a single accelerated aging test, with the known activation energy used to predict the durability at the service temperature. This would represent at least an order of magnitude reduction in testing requirements. The extension of the approach to the general aging of polymers exposed to different environments is obvious. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40296.

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Chemical, Thermal Stability, Seal Swell, and Emissions Studies of Alternative Jet Fuels

Cited by 239 publications

References 22 publications

Ignition behavior and surrogate modeling of JP-8 and of camelina and tallow hydrotreated renewable jet fuels at low temperatures

Ignition behavior and surrogate modeling of JP-8 and of camelina and tallow hydrotreated renewable jet fuels at low temperatures

p‐Menthadienes as Biorenewable Feedstocks for a Monoterpene‐Based Biorefinery

Influence of liquid media on lifetime predictions of nitrile rubber

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