Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. 63. The fate of nicotine during pyrolysis and in a burning cigaret

Schmeltz, I.; Wenger, Alvin; Hoffmann, Dietrich; Tso, T. C.

doi:10.1021/jf60223a044

Cited by 58 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…But as their activity was markedly lower than that observed for nicotine, it was apparent that their formation from nicotine during smoking constituted a minor process. The ratios of the radioactivity of the bases analyzed by Schmeltz et al (13) including the four bases described above to the radioactivity of nicotine are generally the same as, or larger than the ratios of the amounts of the corresponding bases to the amount of nicotine obtained by the authors. This fact may indicate that the majority of pyridine bases including those analyzed by Schmeltz et al (13) are formed by the pyrolysis of nicotine in tobacco leaf.…”

Section: Distribution Of Bases Between Sidestream Smoke and Mainstreamentioning

confidence: 67%

“…The ratios of the radioactivity of the bases analyzed by Schmeltz et al (13) including the four bases described above to the radioactivity of nicotine are generally the same as, or larger than the ratios of the amounts of the corresponding bases to the amount of nicotine obtained by the authors. This fact may indicate that the majority of pyridine bases including those analyzed by Schmeltz et al (13) are formed by the pyrolysis of nicotine in tobacco leaf. An exception is pyridine, whose ratio calculated from Table 4 is larger than that obtained by Schmeltzet al (13).…”

Section: Distribution Of Bases Between Sidestream Smoke and Mainstreamentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Of the bases, other than ammonia, which may mainly be formed by the pyrolysis of nicotiJ1e, 3-vinylpyridine, 208 3-cyanopyridine, nicotyrine, and pyridine had relatively large SS/MS values. From the study of the distribution of radioactivity in smoke condensate from cigarettes containing randomly labeled [ 14 C]nicotine, Schmeltz et al (13) concluded that 3-vinylpyridine, 3-and 4-picoline* and myosmine contained sufficient label to postulate their formation from nicotine during smoking. But as their activity was markedly lower than that observed for nicotine, it was apparent that their formation from nicotine during smoking constituted a minor process.…”

Section: Distribution Of Bases Between Sidestream Smoke and Mainstreamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: II. Bases

Sakuma

Kusama

Yamaguchi

et al. 1984

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYYidds in sidestream smoke (SS) and mainstream smoke (MS) and sidestream smoke to mainstream smoke distribu~ tion ratios (SS/MS) of 34 bases were examined from four types of cigarettes made from Bright, Hurley, Turkish and domestic (c.v. Matsukawa) tobacco. Irrespective of to· bacco variety, major bases in sidestream smoke were am~ monia, nicotine, 3-vinylpyridine, pyridine and 3-hydroxypyridine, and those in mains.tream smoke were nicotine, 3-hydroxypyridine, ammonia, 3-picoline and pyridine. SS/ MS ratios of the bases were generally larger than 1.0 and the largest SS/MS ratio was that of ammonia, followed by those of 3-vinylpyridine, 3-cyanopyridine, nicotyrine and pyridine in that order. The preponderance of bases in sidestream smoke over mainstream smoke might be one of the major causes for the differences in aroma and irritation between sidenream smoke and mainstream smoke. Hauptstromrauch-Verbaltnis der Hasen lag im allgemeinen Uber 1,0, wobei fUr Ammoniak der hOcbste Wert gefunden wurde und 3· Vinylpyridin, 3-Cyanpyri· din, Nicotyrin und Pyridin mit jeweils abnehmenden Werten folgten. Der hinsichdich Aroma und Reizwirkung zwischen Haupt-und Nebenstromrauch :zu beobachtende Unterschied kOnnte unter anderem vor allem auch darin begriindet sein, daB im Nebenstromrauch Hasen in stirkerem AusmaB vorkommen als im Hauptstromrauch. RESUME Prellant des echantillons de cigarettes confectionnees a partir de 4 types de tabac differents (Virginie, Hurley, tabac turc et variete locale de tabac japonais Matsu· kawa), on determina 34 bases dans le courant principal (MS) et le courant secondaire (SS) de la fumee et l'on calcula le rapport flux secondaire I flux principal (SS/ MS). IndCpendamment du type de tabac etudie, les bases presentes en plus grandes quantites dans le courant secondaire de la fumee etaient: l'ammoniaque, la nicotine, la 3-vinylpyridine, la pyridine et la 3-hydroxypyridine, alors que, dans le courant principal, on trouvait surtout de la nicotine, de la 3-hydroxypyridine, de l'ammoniaque, de la 3-picoline et de la pyridine. Le rap· port flux secondaire I flux principal, concernant les bases, se situait generalement au-dessus de 1,0; le taux le plus eleve fut atteint par l'ammoniaque suivie dans l'ordre par la 3-vinylpyridine, la 3-cyanopyridine, la nicotyrine et la pyridine. Les differences observees entre la fumee du ,flux principal et la fumee du flux secondaire, eu egard a l'arOme et a l'effect irritant, pourraient s'expliquer entre autres, par une plus grande quantitC de bases contenue dans le flux secondaire plutOt que dans le flux principal.

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Section: Distribution Of Bases Between Sidestream Smoke and Mainstreamentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Distribution Of Bases Between Sidestream Smoke and Mainstreamentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Distribution Of Bases Between Sidestream Smoke and Mainstreamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: II. Bases

Sakuma

Kusama

Yamaguchi

et al. 1984

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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“…For example, volatile pyridines are higher in sidestream smoke likely because of preferential formation from alkaloids during smoldering (33). All of the components in this table are found in greater yields in sidestream smoke.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

A Comparison of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Produced under Two Machine Smoking Conditions

Moir

Rickert²,

Levasseur³

et al. 2007

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

392

313

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The chemical composition of tobacco smoke has been extensively examined, and the presence of known and suspected carcinogens in such smoke has contributed to the link between tobacco smoking and adverse health effects. The consumption of marijuana through smoking remains a reality and, among youth, seems to be increasing. There have been only limited examinations of marijuana smoke, including for cannabinoid content and for tar generation. There have not been extensive studies of the chemistry of marijuana smoke, especially in direct comparison to tobacco smoke. In this study, a systematic comparison of the smoke composition of both mainstream and sidestream smoke from marijuana and tobacco cigarettes prepared in the same way and consumed under two sets of smoking conditions, was undertaken. This study examined the suite of chemicals routinely analyzed in tobacco smoke. As expected, the results showed qualitative similarities with some quantitative differences. In this study, ammonia was found in mainstream marijuana smoke at levels up to 20-fold greater than that found in tobacco. Hydrogen cyanide, NO, NO x , and some aromatic amines were found in marijuana smoke at concentrations 3-5 times those found in tobacco smoke. Mainstream marijuana smoke contained selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at concentrations lower than those found in mainstream tobacco smoke, while the reverse was the case for sidestream smoke, with PAHs present at higher concentrations in marijuana smoke. The confirmation of the presence, in both mainstream and sidestream smoke of marijuana cigarettes, of known carcinogens and other chemicals implicated in respiratory diseases is important information for public health and communication of the risk related to exposure to such materials.

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“…As we know today, experimental approaches were often scientifically and technically quite inappropriate but the data produced and (unreasonable) conclusions drawn linger on in the scientific literature and public debate. The problem is impressively illustrated by the study of SCHMELTZ et al (193) on nicotine pyrolysis. 14 C-labeled nicotine was adsorbed onto silica gel or mixed with tobacco and isothermally pyrolyzed in a combustion tube under nitrogen at temperatures between 600 °C and 900 °C.…”

Section: Pyrolysis Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. 63. The fate of nicotine during pyrolysis and in a burning cigaret

Cited by 58 publications

References 13 publications

The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: II. Bases

The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: II. Bases

A Comparison of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Produced under Two Machine Smoking Conditions

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

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